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UNIT 1 Introduction概论1

I. Nature and Scope of Translation翻译的性质和范围4

II. Principles or Criteria of Translation翻译的原则标准6

III. Literal Translation and Free Translation直译与意译7

IV. Translation Techniques翻译技巧种种12

Reflections and Practice思考与练习14

UNIT 2 Diction遣词用字19

I. Correspondence Between Egnlish and Chinese at Word Level英汉词字层次上的对等关系22

II. Methods to Discriminate the Original Meaning of an English Word辩别英语词义的种种方法25

III. Some Techniques Employed in Translating a Given English Word英语词语翻译的技巧29

IV. Diction in Chinese-English Translation汉英翻译的选词用字32

Reflections and Practice思考与练习34

UNIT 3 Amplification增词法39

I. Amplification in English-Chinese Translation增词法在英汉翻译中运用40

1. Amplification by Supplying Words Omitted in the Original增添原文所省略的词语40

2. Amplification by Supplying Necessary Connectives增添必要的连接词语41

3. Amplification by Supplying Words to Convey the Concept of Plurality表达出复出概念41

4. Amplification by Supplying Words to Make an Abstract Concept Clear把抽象概念表达清楚41

5. Amplification for Logic逻辑性增词42

6. Amplification by Supplying Words of Generalization概括性增词42

7. Amplification for Purposes of Rhetoric or Coherence从修辞连续考虑增词43

8. Amplification by Repetition重复性增词43

II. Amplification in Chinese-English Translation增词法在汉英翻译中的运用43

1. Amplifying by Adding Necessary Pronouns增添必要的代词43

4. Amplifying by Adding Necessary Prepositions增添必要的介词44

2. Amplifying by Adding Necessary Articles增添必要的冠词44

3. Amplifying by Adding Necessary Connectives增添必要的连接词语44

5. Amplifying by Adding Necessary Background Words增添必要的背景词语45

Reflections and Practice45

UNIT 4 Omission51

I. Omission in English-Chinese Translation省略法在英汉翻译中的运用52

1. Omission of the Pronoun代词的省略53

2. Omission of the Article冠词的省略53

3. Omission of the Preposition介词的省略54

4. Omission of the Conjunction连词的省略54

6. Omission of the Impersonal Pronoun It 非人称代词 It 的省略55

II. Omission in Chinese-English Translation省略法在汉英翻译中的运用55

5. Omission of the Verb动词的省略55

1. Omission of Redundant Words省略不必要的重复、冗词之类的赘言56

2. Omission of Words of Conceptual Category省略概念范畴类词语56

3. Omission of Meticulous Description省略过详的细节描述57

Reflections and Practice思考与练习57

UNIT 5 Conversion转换62

I. Conversion in English-Chinese Translation英汉翻译中的词类转换63

1. Conversion Into转换成动词63

2. Conversion Into转换成名词65

3. Conversion Into转换成形容词67

4. Conversion Into转换成副词68

1. Verbs Converted Into Other Parts of Speech汉语动词的转换69

II. Conversion in Chinese-English Translation汉英翻译中的词类转换69

5. Conversion of句子成分的转换69

2. Conversion Between Other Parts of Speech其他词类的转换71

Reflections and Practice思考与练习72

UNIT 6 Restructuring结构调整76

I. Different Word Order in English and Chinese英汉语言的词序差异77

II. Restructuring in English-Chinese Translation英汉翻译中的结构调整79

1. Different Sequences in Customary Word Combinations不同的习惯表达顺序79

2. Different Sequences in Customary Sentence Arrangement不同的句式安排顺序80

3. Subordinate Clauses in a Complex Sentence复合句中的状语从句81

4. Cases Involving Adverbials副词翻译的词序调整81

III. Restructuring in Chinese-English Translation汉英翻译中的结构调整82

5. That- Clause Used as a Judgment or Conclusion作为判断或结论的 That- 从句的翻译82

Reflections and Practice84

UNIT 7 The Passive Voice被动语态88

I. The Passive Voice in English-Chinese Translation英汉翻译中的被动语态90

1. The Passive Voice Converted Into the Active Voice被动语态转为主动语态90

2. The Passive Structure Converted Into a Sentence被动结构转为无主句92

3. The Passive Structure Remaining Unchanged被动结构保持不变92

4. The Passive Voice Replaced by Other Structures被动语态用其他手段代替93

II. The Passive Structure in Chinese-English Translation汉英翻译中的被动结构94

1. Chinese Sentences With Passive Labels带有被动态标签的汉语句子94

2. Chinese Sentences Without Passive Labels不带被动标签的汉语句子95

3. Chinese Active Structures Converted Into English Passive Structures汉语“主动”结构转为英语被动结构96

4. Translation of Some Idiomatic Chinese Expressions一些习惯性汉语表达法的被动译法96

Reflections and Practice思考与练习97

UNIT 8 Affirmative vs.Negative肯定与否定102

I. Negation in English-Chinese Translation英汉翻译中的否定103

1. Affirmative in English,but Negative in Chinese英语肯定，汉语否定104

2. Same English Words,but Affirmative in Chinese英语否定，汉语肯定105

3. Same English Words,with Either Affirmative or Negative Equivalents in Chinese同一英语词，既可译作肯定，又可译作否定105

4. Double Negative for Emphasis表示强调的双重否定106

5. Roundabout Affirmative转弯抹角的肯定结构106

6. Some Traps in Negative Structures否定的陷阱107

II. Negation in Chinese-English Translation汉英翻译中的否定109

1. Negation According to Usage根据习惯表达采取否定式109

2. Negation for Emphasis or Rhetorical Effect为了强调或从修辞考虑而采取否定式109

Reflections and Practice思考与练习110

3. Negation to Convey Exactly the Original Meaning用否定以表达出原文的确切意思110

UNIT 9 Nominal Clauses115

I.Translation of English Nominal Clauses英语名词性从句的翻译116

1. Subject Clause主语从句116

2. Object Clause宾语从句117

3. Predicative Clause表语从句117

4. Appositive Clause同位语从句118

II.Translation of Chinese Complex Sentences汉语复句的翻译120

1. Clause Combination句子的合并120

2. Clause Order句子的次序122

Reflections and Practice 思考与练习123

UNIT 10 Attributive Clause128

I. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Attributive Structures英汉定语结构的对比129

II. Restrictive Attributive Clauses限定性定语从句130

1. Combination合并法131

2. Division分译法131

3. Mixture混合法132

III. Non-restrictive Attributive Clauses非限定性定语从句134

1. Division分译法134

2. Combination合并法136

IV. Attributive Clauses Functioning as Adverbials兼有状语功能的定语从句136

1. Translating Into Chinese Adverbial Clause of Cause译作汉语原因状语从句137

2. Translating Into Chinese Adverbial Clause of Result译作汉语结果状语从句137

4. Translating Into Chinese Adverbial Clause of Condition译作汉语条件状语从句138

3. Translating Into Chinese Adverbial Clause of Concession译作汉语让步状语从句138

5. Translating Into Chinese Adverbial Clause of Purpose译作汉语目的的状语从句139

Reflections and Practice思考与练习139

UNIT 11 Aduverbial Clause状语从句144

I. Translation of English Adverbial Clauses英语状语从句的翻译145

1. Adverbial Clauses of Time时间状语从句145

2. Adverbial Clauses of Place地点状语从句146

3. Adverbial Clauses of Cause原因状语从句146

4. Adverbial Clauses of Condition条件状语从句147

5. Adverbial Clauses of Concession让步状语从句148

6. Adverbial Clauses of Purpose目的状语从句149

II. Translation of Chinese Adverbial Clauses汉语状语从句的翻译149

1. Analysis of Subordination分清主从149

2. Using Inanimate Subjects使用无灵主语150

Reflections and Practice思考与练习151

UNIT 12 Long Sentences(a)长句的翻译（1）156

I. Long Sentences in English-Chinese Translation英汉翻译中的长句处理157

1. Two Stages and Seven Steps in Translating a Long Sentence长句翻译的两个阶段和七个步骤158

2. Sample Analysis实例分析158

II. Long Sentences in Chinese-English Translation汉英翻译中的长句处理162

III. Methods of Translating Long English Sentences英汉长句的翻译方法165

1. Embedding内嵌法165

2. Cutting切分法166

Reflections and Practice思考与练习169

UNIT 13 Long Sentences(b)长句的翻译（2）175

1. Reversing倒置法176

Methods of Translating Long English Sentences(Continued)英汉长句的翻译方法（续）176

2. Splitting拆分法177

3. Inserting插入法180

4. Recasting重组法181

Reflections and Practice 思考与练习184

UNIT 14 English for Science and Technology(EST)科技英语的翻译191

I. English Technical Terms英语技术词语的构成192

1. Affixation缀合法193

2. Compounding复合法194

3. Blending缩合法195

4. Acronym首字母缩略195

5. Proper Nouns专用名词197

1. More Long and Complicated Sentences大量使用长句、复杂句198

II. Characteristic Syntax of EST科技英语的句法特点198

2. More Nominalization大量使用名词、复杂句199

3. Extensive Use of the Passive Voice大量使用名词化结构200

4. More Non-finite Forms of the Verb广泛使用被动语态200

5. Different Uses of the Tense大量使用非限定动词201

6. The Post-position of the Attributive时态的不同用法202

III. Methods Employed in the Translation of EST科技英语的翻译方法202

1. Expanding the Noun Phrase Into a Separate Clause将名词性短语扩展成汉语句子202

2. Converting the Non Phrase Into a Verb-object Structure将名词性短语译成动宾结构203

3. Converting Attributive Elements Into Independent Sentences,Adverbial Clauses,etc.将定语成分译为独立句、状语从句等203

4. Converting the Passive Into the Active将被动转为主动203

5. Supplementing Some Necessary Words补充必要的词语204

Reflections and Practice思考与练习205

UNIT 15 Translation of Documentation文献的翻译212

I. Translation of Contracts and Agreements合同与协议的翻译214

II. Translation of Proposals,Reports and Reviews建议、报告与评论的翻译217

III. Translation of Patents and Trademarks专利与商标的翻译221

IV. Translation of Copyright Documents版权文献与标准的翻译224

V. Translation of Bid-documents招标文献的翻译226

VI. Translation of Abstracts,Indexes and Bibliographies摘要、索引与文献目录的翻译229

Reflections and Practice234

UNIT 16 Comprehensive Abilities through Comparative studies通过比较研究获取翻译的综合能力241

I. Comparative Studies from a Macroscopic View Point英汉语言宏观对比243

1. Synthetic vs.Analytic综合性语与分析性语243

2. Compact vs. Diffusive聚集与流散243

3. Hypotactic vs.Paratactic形合与意合244

4. Complex vs.Simplex繁复与简单245

5. Impersonal vs. Personal物称与人称245

6. Passive vs.Active被动与主动246

7. Static vs.Dynamic静态与动态247

8. Abstract vs.Concrete抽象与具体247

9. Indirect vs.Direct间接与直接247

10. Substitutive vs.Repetitive替换与重复248

II. Practical Abilities Attained from Translation Studies,and Criticism通过翻译研究和批评提高实际运用能力248

1. Language Sensibility语言感知能力249

2. Contextual Analysis语境分析能力251

3. Logical Thinking逻辑思维能力252

Reflections and Practice思考与练习255

Appendix 附录A261

Key to the Exercises练习参考答案261

Appendix 附录B318

Translation Works Appreciation and Studies翻译作品欣赏与研究318

1. English-Chinese Translation英译汉318

2. Chinese- English Translation汉译英356

AppendixC附录C394

Translation Exercises for Independent Work翻译独立作业练习394

1. English-Chinese Translation英译汉394

2. Chinese- English Translation汉译英415

Appendix 附录D425

Bibliography参考文献425