英语语言学概论2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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Chapter 1 Introduction1

1.1 What is language?1

1.2 Design features of language2

1.2.1 Arbitrariness2

1.2.2 Duality3

1.2.3 Productivity3

1.2.4 Displacement4

1.2.5 Cultural transmission4

1.3 Functions of language4

1.3.1 Phatic function5

1.3.2 Directive function5

1.3.3 Informative function5

1.3.4 Interrogative function5

1.3.5 Expressive function6

1.3.6 Evocative function6

1.3.7 Performative function6

1.4 What is linguistics?6

1.5 Main branches(scope)of linguistics7

1.5.1 Phonetics7

1.5.2 Phonology7

1.5.3 Morphology7

1.5.4 Syntax7

1.5.5 Semantics7

1.5.6 Pragmatics7

1.6 Macrolinguistics8

1.6.1 Sociolinguistics8

1.6.2 Psycholinguistics8

1.6.3 Second language acquisition8

1.6.4 Linguistics and foreign language teaching8

1.7 Some important distinctions in linguistics8

1.7.1 Descriptive vs.prescriptive8

1.7.2 Synchronic vs.diachronic9

1.7.3 Langue and parole9

1.7.4 Competence and performance9

Exercises10

Chapter 2 Phonetics ＆ Phonology13

2.1 Phonetics13

2.1.1 What is phonetics?13

2.1.2 Speech organs14

2.1.3 The International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA)15

2.1.4 Classification of English speech sounds16

2.2 Phonology19

2.2.1 Phonology ＆ phonetics19

2.2.2 Phone,phoneme and allophone20

2.2.3 Distinctive features20

2.2.4 Minimal pairs and sets21

2.2.5 Complementary distribution21

2.2.6 Some rules in phonology22

2.2.7 Supersegmental features23

Exercises25

Chapter 3 Morphology29

3.1 Classification of word29

3.1.1 Open-class words vs.closed-class words29

3.1.2 Variable vs.invariable words29

3.1.3 Grammatical words vs.lexical words29

3.2 Morphology29

3.2.1 Morpheme30

3.2.2 Morphs and allomorph33

3.3 Morphological rules33

3.4 Word formation34

3.4.1 Compounding34

3.4.2 Derivation36

3.4.3 Conversion36

3.4.4 Blending37

3.4.5 Clipping(Shortening or abbreviation)37

3.4.6 Acronym37

3.4.7 Back-formation38

3.4.8 Borrowing38

3.4.9 Coinage39

Exercises39

Chapter 4 Syntax42

4.1 The traditional approach42

4.1.1 Categories42

4.1.2 Concord and government44

4.1.3 Sentence and types of sentence45

4.2 The structural approach46

4.2.1 Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations47

4.2.2 Immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis)48

4.2.3 Endocentric and exocentric constructions51

4.3 The generative approach52

4.3.1 Phrase categories and their structures52

4.3.2 Phrase structural rules53

4.3.3 Sentence rule56

4.3.4 Transformational rules(T-rules)58

4.4 The functional approach67

4.4.1 Functional sentence perspective67

4.4.2 Systemic-functional grammar68

Exercises69

Chapter 5 Semantics72

5.1 What is semantics?72

5.2 Some views concerning the study of meaning72

5.2.1 The naming theory72

5.2.2 The conceptualist view73

5.2.3 Contextualism73

5.2.4 Behaviorism74

5.3 Lexical meaning74

5.3.1 Sense ＆ reference74

5.3.2 Types of meaning75

5.3.3 Major sense relations76

5.4 Sense relations between sentences81

5.4.1 S1 is synonymous with S2(S1 is equivalent to S2)81

5.4.2 S1 contradicts S2(S1 is inconsistent with S2)82

5.4.3 S1 entails S2(S1 is an entailment of S2）82

5.4.4 S1 presupposes S2(S1 is a prerequisite of S2)82

5.4.5 S is a contradiction83

5.4.6 S is semantically anomalous83

5.5 Componential analysis83

5.6 Predication analysis84

5.6.1 Sentence meaning84

5.6.2 Predication analysis85

Exercises86

Chapter 6 Pragmatics90

6.1 Some basic notions90

6.1.1 What is pragmatics?90

6.1.2 Context90

6.1.3 Pragmatics ＆ semantics90

6.1.4 Sentence meaning and utterance meaning91

6.2 Speech act theory91

6.2.1 Performatives and constatives91

6.2.2 A theory of the illocutionary act93

6.2.3 Indirect speech acts95

6.3 Cooperative principle96

6.3.1 Violation of quality97

6.3.2 Violation of quantity98

6.3.3 Violation of relation98

6.3.4 Violation of manner98

6.4 Politeness principle(PP)99

6.4.1 Two aspects of the PP99

6.4.2 The six maxims of the PP99

6.5 Discourse analysis100

6.5.1 Cohesion100

6.5.2 Coherence102

6.5.3 Conversational analysis103

Exercises104

Chapter 7 Sociolinguistics108

7.1 Language and society108

7.1.1 Speech community and speech variety108

7.1.2 Linguistic taboo and euphemism111

7.1.3 Register112

7.1.4 The standard variety113

7.1.5 Pidgin and Creole113

7.1.6 Bilingualism and diglossia114

7.2 Language and culture114

7.2.1 What is culture?114

7.2.2 The relationship between language and culture115

7.2.3 Some differences between Chinese culture and western culture116

7.3 Language change117

7.3.1 Sound change118

7.3.2 Morphological and syntactic change118

7.3.3 Semantic change118

7.3.4 Causes of the language change119

Exercises120

Chapter 8 Psycholinguistics123

8.1 What is psycholinguistics?123

8.2 First language acquisition123

8.2.1 Theories of child language acquisition123

8.2.2 Stages in child language development125

8.3 Language production128

8.3.1 Conceptualization128

8.3.2 Formulation128

8.3.3 Articulation129

8.3.4 Self-monitoring130

8.4 Language comprehension131

8.4.1 Sound comprehension131

8.4.2 Word comprehension131

8.4.3 Sentence comprehension132

8.4.4 Text comprehension133

8.4.5 Category of the schema134

8.5 Language and thought135

8.5.1 Linguistic Determinism135

8.5.2 Linguistic Relativity136

Exercises136

Chapter 9 Second Language Acquisition140

9.1 Introduction140

9.2 Contrastive analysis(CA)140

9.3 Error analysis(EA)141

9.4 Interlangnage142

9.5 Theories in second language acquisition143

9.6 Individual differences145

9.6.1 Age145

9.6.2 Personality145

9.6.3 Motivation146

9.6.4 Language aptitude146

9.6.5 Cognitive style147

9.6.6 Learning strategies148

Exercises149

Chapter 10 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching153

10.1 What is applied linguistics?153

10.2 Some major types of foreign language teaching153

10.2.1 The Grammar-Translation Method(GTM)153

10.2.2 The Audiolingual Method154

10.2.3 Cognitive Approach156

10.2.4 The Communicative Language Teaching(CLT)158

10.2.5 Task-based Language Teaching(TBLT)160

10.3 Some other types of foreign language teaching162

10.4 Language testing163

10.4.1 Five basic tests163

10.4.2 Subjective and objective tests164

10.4.3 Norm-referenced and Criterion-referenced tests165

10.4.4 Principles of language testing166

Exercises168

Appendix Ⅰ Some Famous Linguists and Their Theories172

1．Saussure and modern linguistics172

2．Bloomfield and American structuralism173

3．Chomsky and generative grammar175

4．Halliday and systemic-functional grammar179

Appendix Ⅱ Tests and Key to Exercises and Tests186

1．Tests186

Test 1186

Test 2188

2．Key to exercises and tests191

Appendix Ⅲ Glossary218

Bibliography233