Physical foundations of materials science2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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Introduction3

1 Microstructure5

2 Atomic Structure of Solids13

2.1 Atomic Bonding13

2.2 Crystal Structure20

2.2.1 Crystal Systems and Space Lattice20

2.2.2 Crystal Structures of Metals24

2.2.3 Crystal Structure of Ceramic Materials30

2.2.4 Crystal Structure of Plymers32

2.3 Indexing Crystallographic Planes and Directions35

2.4 Representation of Orientations：Stereographic Projection41

2.5 Experimental Crystallographic Methods45

2.5.1 Bragg’s law45

2.5.2 X-ray Methods46

2.5.3 Electron Microscopy53

2.5.4 Crystallographic Textures55

3 Crystal Defects63

3.1 Overview63

3.2 Point Defects63

3.2.1 Types of point defects63

3.2.2 Thermodynamics of point defects65

3.2.3 Experimental evidence of point defects68

3.3 Dislocations71

3.3.1 Geometry of dislocations71

3.3.2 Evidence of dislocations78

3.4 Grain Boundaries82

3.4.1 Terminology and Definitions82

3.4.2 Atomic Structure of Grain Boundaries84

3.4.2.1 Low angle grain boundaries84

3.4.2.2 High angle grain boundaries87

3.5 Phase Boundaries98

3.5.1 Classification of Phase Boundaries98

3.5.2 Phenomenological Characterization of Phase Boundaries102

4 Alloys107

4.1 Constitution of Alloys107

4.2 Thermodynamics of Alloys121

4.3 Solid Solutions125

4.4 Intermetallic Compounds133

4.4.1 Overview133

4.4.2 Ordered Solid Solutions134

4.4.3 Compound Phases142

4.4.4 Phases with High Packing Density144

4.4.5 Electronic Phases （Hume-Rothery-phases）148

4.5 Multicomponent Systems151

5 Diffusion155

5.1 Phenomenology and Basic Laws155

5.2 The Diffusion Constant162

5.3 Atomistics of Solid State Diffusion165

5.4 Correlation Effects176

5.5 Chemical Diffusion179

5.6 Thermodynamic factor183

5.7 Grain Boundary Diffusion186

5.8 Diffusion in Nonmetals：Ionic Conductors190

6 Mechanical Properties197

6.1 Basic Elements of Elasticity197

6.2 The Flow Curve202

6.3 Mechanisms of Plastic Deformation210

6.3.1 Crystallographic Slip by Dislocation Motion210

6.3.2 Mechanical Twinning220

6.4 The Critical Resolved Shear Stress226

6.4.1 Schmid’s Law226

6.4.2 Dislocation Model of the Critically Resolved Shear Stress230

6.4.2.1 Elastic Properties of Dislocations230

6.4.2.2 Interaction of dislocations235

6.4.3 Thermally Activated Dislocation Motion237

6.5 Strain Hardening of fcc Single Crystals241

6.5.1 Geometry of Deformation241

6.5.2 Dislocation Models of Strain Hardening245

6.5.3 Dissociation of Dislocations252

6.6 Strength and Deformation of Polycrystals257

6.7 Strengthening Mechanisms264

6.7.1 Solid Solution Hardening264

6.7.2 Dispersion Hardening271

6.7.3 Precipitation Hardening274

6.8 Time Dependent Deformation278

6.8.1 Strain Rate Sensitivity of Flow Stress：Superplasticity278

6.8.2 Creep281

6.8.3 Anelasticity and Viscoelasticity288

7 Recovery，Recrystallization，Grain Growth303

7.1 Phenomena and Terminology303

7.2 Energetics of Recrystallization308

7.3 Deformation Microstructure312

7.4 Recovery316

7.5 Nucleation321

7.6 Grain Boundary Migration327

7.7 Kinetics of Primary Recrystallization330

7.8 The Recrystallization Diagram335

7.9 Recrystallization in Homogeneous Alloys337

7.10 Recrystallization in Multiphase Alloys338

7.11 Normal Grain Growth341

7.12 Discontinuous Grain Growth （Secondary Recrystallization）347

7.13 Dynamic Recrystallization348

7.14 Recrystallization Textures350

7.15 Recrystallization in Nonmetallic Materials356

8 Solidification357

8.1 The liquid state357

8.2 Nucleation of the Solid State360

8.3 Crystal Growth367

8.3.1 Shape of a crystal367

8.3.2 Atomistics of Crystal Growth369

8.3.3 Crystal growth in the melt371

8.3.3.1 Solidification of pure metals371

8.3.3.2 Solidification of alloys373

8.3.3.3 Solidification of eutectic alloys376

8.4 Microstructure of a Cast Ingot378

8.5 Solidification Defects380

8.6 Rapid Solidification of Metals and Alloys382

8.7 Solidification of Glasses and Polymers385

8.7.1 Ionic crystals and glasses385

8.7.2 Polymers386

9 Solid State Phase Transformations389

9.1 Pure Metals389

9.2 Alloys389

9.2.1 Diffusion Controlled Phase Transformations389

9.2.1.1 General classification389

9.2.1.2 Thermodynamics of decomposition390

9.2.1.3 Nucleation and spinodal decomposition396

9.2.1.4 Metastable phases401

9.2.1.5 Age hardening403

9.2.1.6 Growth kinetics of precipitates407

9.2.1.7 Eutectoid decomposition and discontinuous precipitation411

9.2.2 Martensitic Transformations413

9.2.3 Applications419

9.2.3.1 TTT diagrams419

9.2.3.2 Technological importance of martensite transformations：some examples419

10 Physical Properties423

10.1 Fundamentals of Electron Theory423

10.2 Mechanical and Thermal Properties430

10.3 Thermal Conductivity436

10.4 Electrical Properties439

10.4.1 Conductors，semi-conductors and insulators439

10.4.2 Conductivity of metals443

10.4.3 Modeling of the Electrical Conductivity446

10.4.4 Superconductivity452

10.5 Magnetic Properties457

10.5.1 Dia- and paramagnetism457

10.5.2 Ferromagnetism459

10.6 Optical Properties466

10.6.1 Light466

10.6.2 Reflection of metallic surfaces468

10.6.3 Insulators468

10.6.3.1 Color468

10.6.3.2 Absorption470

10.6.3.3 Photoconductivity471

10.6.3.4 Luminescence472

10.6.4 Applications473

References475

Specific Literature483

Index487