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Chapter 1 A Rich and Coulorful Biological World1

1.1 Introduction to Biology1

Passage 1 How Did Life Begin?1

Passage 2 What Is Life?9

Passage 3 Characteristics of Living Organisms13

Passage 4 Biological Classification17

1.2 A Splendid Animal World21

Passage 1 Blue Whale21

Passage 2 What Is a Mammal?25

Passage 3 How Birds Fly33

Passage 4 Dog History—How and Why Dogs Were Domesticated39

1.3 A Luxuriant Plant World42

Passage 1 Orchid42

Passage 2 The World's 10 Oldest Living Trees46

Passage 3 Flowers49

Passage 4 Plant Bodies—Building Plants from Cells and Modules55

1.4 A Magical Microbial Kingdom59

Passage 1 It's a Microbial World59

Passage 2 The Normal Bacterial Flora of Humans(Adapted)62

Passage 3 Fungi70

Passage 4 Virus(Adapted)75

Chapter 2 Cell Morphology,Structure and Metabolism82

2.1 Cell Morphology82

Passage 1 What Is a Cell?82

Passage 2 Plant Cell Structure87

Passage 3 Animal Cell Structure92

Passage 4 Bacterial Cell Structure97

2.2 Cell Metabolism101

Passage 1 Metabolism101

Passage 2 Metabolism,Human104

Passage 3 Abstracts of Metabolism Papers108

Passage 4 Cancer Cell Metabolism Unique Features Inform New Therapeutic Opportunities113

2.3 Cell Division,Differentiation,Aging,Death and Carcinogenesis119

Passage 1 Cell Division119

Passage 2 Cell Differentiation and Tissue123

Passage 3 Hormesis,Cell Death and Aging127

Passage 4 Carcinogenesis131

Chapter 3 Continuity and Development of Life Characteristics136

3.1 Gene and Genetic Variation136

Passage 1 Gene136

Passage 2 We're all Mammals—so Why do We Look So Different?139

Passage 3 Rare Form of Active"Jumping Genes"Found in Mammals141

Passage 4 Human Genetic Variation144

3.2 Genetic Engineering149

Passage 1 Genetic Engineering:What Is Genetic Engineering?149

Passage 2 Genetic Engineering Advantages＆Disadvantages151

Passage 3 Genetic Engineering and Food Safety153

Passage 4 What Is Cloning?156

Chapter 4 Ecology and Environment159

4.1 Biodiversity Conservation159

Passage 1 Biodiversity159

Passage 2 What Is Biodiversity?164

Passage 3 Conservation of Biodiversity167

Passage 4 Why Conserve Biodiversity?173

4.2 Ecological System and Ecological Balance178

Passage 1 Ecosystem Balance and Biodiversity—Part Ⅰ178

Passage 2 Ecosystem Balance and Biodiversity—Part Ⅱ181

Passage 3 Ecosystem Balance and Biodiversity—Part Ⅲ185

Passage 4 Ecosystem Balance and Biodiversity—Part Ⅳ189

4.3 The Impact of Human Activities on the Environment and Ecology194

Passage 1 The Effects of Human Activities on Environment—Part Ⅰ194

Passage 2 The Effects of Human Activities on Environment—Part Ⅱ198

Passage 3 The Effects of Human Activities on Environment—Part Ⅲ203

Passage 4 The Effects of Human Activities on Environment—Part Ⅳ208

4.4 Protection of Ecology and Environment212

Passage 1 Agroecology212

Passage 2 Managing Floodplain-Forest Restoration in European River Landscapes216

Passage 3 The Ecological Role of Fruit Aroma220

Passage 4 Landscape Ecology:Emerging Approaches for Planning and Management of Forests and Woodlands within Britain223

Chapter 5 Development of Life Science228

5.1 Biotechnology228

Passage 1 Redefining Part of a 300 Year-old Classification System for Grouping Members of the Animal Kingdom228

Passage 2 Biofuel Tech Straight from the Farm230

Passage 3 Shining Light on Microbial Growth and Death Inside our Guts234

Passage 4 Gene Drive Reversibility Introduces New Layer of Biosafety236

5.2 Biomaterial239

Passage 1 Biomaterial Shows Promise for Type 1 Diabetes Treatment239

Passage 2 Making Progress in Biomaterial Design and Tissue Validation242

Passage 3 3D Printing Aims to Deliver Organs on Demand245

Passage 4 Cleveland Clinic Unveils Top 10 Medical Innovations for 2016248

5.3 Biomimetics251

Passage 1 Cockroach-inspired Robot Uses Body Streamlining to Negotiate Obstacles251

Passage 2 "Flipperbot":Sea Turtles Inspire Beach-Walking Robot254

Passage 3 Mexican Jumping Beans May Influence Robot Design257

Passage 4 Robots May Receive Urine-powered Artificial"hearts"260

5.4 Bioenergy263

Passage 1 Food Giants Shoot for 100％ Renewable Energy Target263

Passage 2 Biobased Economy and Resource Efficient Agriculture:A Sinergy Against Climate Change266

Passage 3 Rice Husk Gasifiers for Cost Competitive Rural Electrification—a Study in Ghana269

Passage 4 Quality and Cost Factors for Viable Production and Logistics of Biocoal271

5.5 Marine Biotechnology274

Passage 1 Innovation Will Help Develop Oman's Marine Biotechnology Sector274

Passage 2 Harvesting Marine Biotechnology276

Passage 3 The Healing Touch of Marine Biotechnology280

5.6 Fermentation Engineering283

Passage 1 Origin of Cold-adapted Yeasts that Make Cold Beer283

Passage 2 Researchers Unravel Age-old Mystery of Why Cells Use Fermentation286

5.7 Human Genome Project＆Sex Chromosomes289

Passage 3 White Paper-Fermentation Technology:Cooking up New Therapeutics293

Passage 1 Human Genome Project293

Passage 2 New Chromosome Research Undermines Human-Chimp Similarity Claims296

Passage 3 DNA Research:This Is the Age of the Genome,and There Are Exciting Times Ahead299

Passage 4 Neanderthal Man:In Search of Lost Genomes by Svante P？bo—Review302

5.8 Disease Diagnosis305

Passage 1 High Coronary Calcium Score May Signal Increased Risk of Cancer,Kidney and Lung Disease305

Passage 2 Crowdsourcing:The Answer for Rare Disease Diagnosis?308

Passage 3 Researchers Develop Affordable and Portable Disease Diagnostics for Developing World311

Passage 4 Alzheimer's Disease:3 Million More Americans Should Get Diagnosis,Study Concludes314

5.9 Gene Therapy317

Passage 1 Gene Therapy Scores Big Wins Against Blood Cancers317

Passage 2 HIV Gene Therapy Using GM Cells Hailed a Success after Trial320

Passage 3 Gene Therapy Restores Hearing in Deaf Mice323

Passage 4 Eye Drops Deliver Gene Therapy for Brain Disorders326

5.10 Stem Cell Research and Development329

Passage 1 By Cloning Mouse Neurons,Scientists Find Brain Cells with 100+ Unique Mutations329

Passage 2 High-fat Diet Linked to Intestinal Stem Cell Changes,Increased Risk for Cancer332

Passage 3 Researchers Fight Aplastic Anemia Using a Therapy Designed to Delay Ageing334

Passage 4 A Deeper Take on our Sexual Nature337