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1 Basic Concepts and Definitions1

1-1 The Nature of Thermodynamics2

1-2 Dimensions and Units3

1-3 System, Property, and State8

1-4 Density, Specific Volume, and Specific Gravity13

1-5 Pressure14

1-6 The Zeroth Law and Temperature20

1-7 Problem-Solving Techniques25

1-8 Summary27

Problems29

2 The First Law of Thermodynamics36

2-1 Concepts of Work and Energy37

2-2 The First Law of Thermodynamics49

2-3 A Conservation of Energy Principle for Closed Systems50

2-4 The Nature of the Energy E56

2-5 Heat Transfer58

2-6 Expansion and Compression Work61

2-7 Elastic Spring Work71

2-8 Other Quasiequilibrium Work Interactions73

2-9 Summary77

Problems78

3 Properties of a Pure, Simple Compressible Substance95

3-1 The State Postulate and Simple Systems96

3-2 The PvT Surface97

3-3 The Pressure-Temperature Diagram100

3-4 The Pressure-Specific Volume Diagram101

3-5 The Temperature-Specific Volume Diagram103

3-6 Tables of Properties of Pure Substances104

3-7 Tabular Data and Closed-System Energy Analysis119

3-8 The Specific Heats126

3-9 Summary128

3-10 Appendix: Fundamentals of Partial Derivatives130

Problems131

4 The Ideal Gas, Corresponding States, and Incompressible Models148

4-1 Ideal-Gas Equation of State149

4-2 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific-Heat Relations for Ideal Gases153

4-3 Specific Heats of Ideal Gases155

4-4 Energy Analysis of Closed Ideal-Gas Systems161

4-5 The Compressibility Factor and the Corresponding States Principle166

4-6 Property Relations for Incompressible Substances172

4-7 Summary177

Problems178

5 Control-Volume Energy Analysis200

5-1 Introduction201

5-2 Conservation of Mass Principle for a Control Volume201

5-3 Conservation of Energy Principle for a Control Volume208

5-4 Steady-State Control-Volume Energy Equations213

5-5 Comments on Problem-Solving Techniques215

5-6 Engineering Applications Involving Steady-State Control Volumes219

5-7 Introduction to Thermodynamic Cycles234

5-8 Transient (Unsteady) Flow Analysis240

5-9 Summary250

Problems251

6 The Second Law and Entropy279

6-1 Introduction280

6-2 Heat Engines, Refrigerators, and Heat Pumps282

6-3 Second-Law Statements288

6-4 Reversible and Irreversible Processes295

6-5 The Second Law and Entropy--Classical Presentation298

6-5-1 Analytical Forms of the Kelvin-Planck Statement299

6-5-2 General Second-Law Limitations for Heat Engines301

6-5-3 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale304

6-5-4 Performance Standards for Reversible Heat Engines306

6-5-5 The Clausius Inequality308

6-5-6 The Entropy Function310

6-5-7 Entropy Generation and the Closed-System Entropy Balance311

6-6 The Second Law and Entropy--Alternate Presentation314

6-6-1 The Second-Law Postulate314

6-6-2 An Entropy Balance for a Closed System316

6-6-3 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale and the Carnot Efficiency317

6-6-4 Measuring the Entropy Function320

6-6-5 Equivalence of the Four Statements of the Second Law321

6-7 Entropy Balance for a Control Volume323

6-8 Increase in Entropy Principle for a Closed System325

6-9 Second-Law Limitations on the Performance of Heat Engines, Refrigerators, and Heat Pumps327

6-10 Heat Transfer and the TS Diagram339

6-10-1 Entropy Change for a Thermal-Energy Reservoir339

6-10-2 Entropy Generation Associated with Heat Transfer341

6-10-3 Loss in Work Potential Associated with Heat Transfer344

6-11 Applications346

6-12 Entropy in Terms of Randomness and Probability354

6-13 Summary358

Problems360

7 Evaluation of Entropy Change and the Control-Volume Entropy Balance385

7-1 Graphical and Tabular Presentation of Entropy Data386

7-2 The T dS Equations for Pure, Simple Compressible Substances393

7-3 Entropy Change of an Ideal Gas395

7-4 Entropy Change of an Incompressible Substance400

7-5 Applications of the Steady-State Entropy Balance for a Control Volume403

7-6 Steady-Flow Work Relationships413

7-7 Summary417

Problems419

8 Some Consequences of the Second Law435

8-1 Isentropic Processes436

8-2 Adiabatic Efficiencies of Steady-Flow Devices448

8-3 The Carnot Cycle462

8-4 The Transient Adiabatic-Discharge Process467

8-5 Summary469

Problems470

9 Availability (Exergy) and Irreversibility487

9-1 Introduction488

9-2 Work and Entropy Production488

9-3 Availability491

9-4 Control-Volume Availability Analysis505

9-5 Second-Law Efficiency or Effectiveness511

9-6 Summary519

Problems521

10 NONREACTIVE IDEAL-GAS MIXTURES530

10-1 Composition Analysis of Gas Mixtures531

10-2 PvT Relationships for Ideal-Gas Mixtures535

10-3 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Entropy for Ideal-Gas Mixtures538

10-4 Mixing Processes Involving Ideal Gases545

10-5 Properties of an Ideal Gas-Vapor Mixture550

10-6 The Adiabatic-Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperatures558

10-7 The Psychrometric Chart561

10-8 Air-Conditioning Processes564

10-9 Summary585

Problems588

II PvT Behavior of Real Gases and Real-Gas Mixtures614

11-1 The Virial Equation of State615

11-2 Two-Constant Equations of State616

11-3 Other Equations of State620

11-4 Real-Gas Mixtures622

11-5 Summary627

Suggested Readings and References629

Problems629

12. Generalized Thermodynamic Relationships634

12-1 Fundamentals of Partial Derivatives635

12-2 Some Fundamental Property Relations637

12-3 Generalized Relations for Changes in Entropy,Internal Energy, and Enthalpy639

12-4 Generalized Relations for cp and cv644

12-5 Vapor Pressure and the Clapeyron Equation649

12-6 The Joule-Thomson Coefficient653

12-7 Generalized Thermodynamic Charts657

12-8 Development of Property Tables664

12-9 Summary667

Problems669

13 Chemical Reactions679

13-1 Stoichiometry of Reactions680

13-2 Actual Combustion Processes686

13-3 The Enthalpy of Formation690

13-4 Steady-Flow Energy Analysis of Reacting Mixtures693

13-5 Adiabatic Flame Temperature698

13-6 Constant-Volume Thermochemical Analysis702

13-7 Enthalpy of Reaction and Heating Values706

13-8 Second Law Analysis of Reactions711

13-9 Availability Analysis of Reacting Systems716

13-10 Fuel Cells722

13-11 Summary729

Problems731

14 Chemical Equilibrium753

14-1 Introduction754

14-2 The Gibbs Criterion756

14-3 Equilibrium and the Chemical Potential759

14-4 The Chemical Potential of an Ideal Gas761

14-5 The Equilibrium Constants K0 and Kp762

14-6 Calculation of K0 Values765

14-7 Calculation of Equilibrium Compositions767

14-8 First-Law Analysis of Equilibrium Ideal-Gas Mixtures774

14-9 The van't Hoff Equation Relating KB and hR777

14-10 Simultaneous Reactions779

14-11 Summary782

Problems783

17 Refrigeration Systems967

17-1 The Reversed Carnot Cycle968

17-2 The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle969

17-3 Heat Pumps980

17-4 Cascade and Multistaged Vapor-Compression Systems982

17-5 Liquefaction and Solidification of Gases989

17-6 Gas Refrigeration Cycles991

17-7 Stirling Refrigeration Cycle993

17-8 Absorption Refrigeration996

17-9 Availability Analysis of a Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle999

17-10 Summary1003

Problems1004

Bibliography1025

A-1 Supplementary Tables and Figures(SI Units)1027

Table A-1 Physical Constants and Conversion Factors1028

Table A-2 Molar Mass, Critical Constants, and Gas-Phase Specific Heats at 25℃ and 1 atm for Some Common Substances1029

Table A-3 Ideal-Gas Specific-Heat Data for Selected Gases, kJ/kg·K1030

Table A-4 Specific Heats of Some Common Liquids and Solids1032

Table A-5 Ideal-gas Properties of Air1033

Table A-6 Ideal-Gas Enthalpy, Interna) Energy, and Absolute Entropy of Diatomic Nitrogen (N2)1035

Table A-7 Ideal-Gas Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Absolute Entropy of Diatomic Oxygen (O2)1037

Table A-8 Ideal-Gas Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Absolute Entropy of Carbon Monoxide (CO)1039

Table A-9 Ideal-Gas Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Absolute Entropy of Carbon Dioxide (CO2)1041

Table A-10 Ideal-Gas Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Absolute Entropy of Water (H2O)1043

Table A-11 Ideal-Gas Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Absolute Entropy of Diatomic Hydrogen (H2),Monatomic Oxygen (O), and Hydroxy 1 (OH)1045

Table A-12 Properties of Saturated Water:Temperature Table1047

Table A-13 Properties of Saturated Water: Pressure Table1049

Table A-14 Properties of Water: Superheated-Vapor Table1051

Table A-15 Properties of Water: Compressed-Liquid Table1055

Table A-16 Properties of Saturated Refrigerant 134a(CF4H2):Temperature Table1056

Table A-17 Properties of Saturated Refrigerant 134a(CF4H2):Pressure Table1057

Table A-18 Properties of Superheated Refrigerant 134a(CF4H2)1058

Table A-19 Properties of Saturated Nitrogen (N2): Temperature and Pressure Tables1061

Table A-20 Properties of Nitrogen (N2): Superheated-Vapor Table1062

Table A-21 Thermodynamic Properties of Potassium1063

Table A-22 Constants for the Benedict-Webb-Rubin,Redlich-Kwong,and van der Waals Equations of State1064

Table A-23 Values of the Enthalpy of Formation, Gibbs Function of Formation, Absolute Entropy, and Enthalpy of Vaporization at 25℃ and 1 atm1065

Table A-24 Logarithms to the Base 10 of the Equilibrium Constant K01066

Figure A-25 Psychrometric Chart, Metric Units, Barometric Pressure 1.01 bars1067

Figure A-26 Mollier Diagram for Steam1068

Figure A-27 Generalized Compressibility Chart, PR ≤ 11069

Figure A-28 Compressibility Chart, Low-Pressure Range1070

Figure A-29 Compressibility Chart, High-Pressure Range1071

Figure A-30 Generalized Enthalpy Chart1072

Figure A-31 Generalized Entropy Chart1073

Figure A-32 Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Refrigerant 134a1074

A-2 Supplementary Tables and Figures(USCS Units)1075

Table A-1E Physical Constants and Conversion Factors1076

Table A-2E Molar Mass, Critical Constants, and Gas-Phase Specific Heats at 77°F and 1 atm for Some Common Substances1077

Table A-3E Ideal-Gas Specific-Heat Data for Various Gases, Btu/lbm·°F1078

Table A-4E Specific Heats of Some Common Liquids and Solids1080

Table A-5E Ideal-Gas Properties of Air1081

Table A-6E Ideal-Gas Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Absolute Entropy of Diatomic Nitrogen (N2)1083

Table A-7E Ideal-Gas Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Absolute Entropy of Diatomic Oxygen (O2)1085

Table A-8E Ideal-Gas Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Absolute Entropy of Carbon Monoxide (CO)1087

Figure A-24E Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Carbon Dioxide (CO2)1117

Figure A-25E Psychrometric Chart, USCS Units, Barometric Pressure 14.696 psia1118

Figure A-26E Mollier Diagram for Steam1119

A-3 Introduction to EES1120

Overview1120

Background Information1120

A Thermodynamics Example Problem1124

Loading a Textbook File1132

Symbols1133

Selected Problem Answers1138

Photo Credits1155

Index1156