PARKER AND MELLOWS:THE MODERN LAW OF TRUSTS EIGHTH DEITION2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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1.INTRODUCTION1

Ⅰ.The Trust Today1

Ⅱ.The Definition of a Trust12

Ⅲ.The Distinction Between Trusts and Other Legal Concepts22

2.THE CLASSIFICATION OF TRUSTS37

Ⅰ.Statutory, Express, Implied, Resulting and Constructive Trusts37

Ⅱ.Simple and Special Trusts39

Ⅲ.Executed and Executory Trusts40

Ⅳ.Completely and Incompletely Constituted Trusts41

Ⅴ.Fixed and Discretionary Trusts41

Ⅵ.Private and Public Trusts41

Ⅶ.New Classifications?42

3.THE ESSENTIAL INGREDIENTS OF A TRUST46

Ⅰ.Certainty46

Ⅱ.The Beneficiary Principle74

4.THE FORMAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CREATION OF A TRUST95

Ⅰ.Capacity to Create a Trust95

Ⅱ.The Statutory Requirement of Writing96

Ⅲ.Secret Trusts114

5.THE CONSTITUTION OF A TRUST135

Ⅰ.Introduction135

Ⅱ.When will a Trust be Completely Constituted?136

Ⅲ.The Distinction Between Executed and Executory Trusts160

Ⅳ.When a Trust is Incompletely Constituted, when will the Beneficiaries have a Contractual Remedy?163

6.DISCRETIONS AND POWERS177

Ⅰ.The Nature of Discretions and Powers177

Ⅱ.The Exercise of Discretions and Powers201

Ⅲ.When will the Exercise of Discretions and Powers be Improper?212

Ⅳ.When can Discretions and Powers be Released?225

Ⅴ.The Position of the Potential Beneficiaries230

7.LEGALITY OF A TRUST236

Ⅰ.Generally236

Ⅱ.Perpetuities and Accumulations238

Ⅲ.Safeguarding Property from Creditors255

Ⅳ.Safeguarding Property from Claims by Dependants262

8.PROTECTIVE TRUSTS264

Ⅰ.Determinable Interests265

Ⅱ.Protective Trusts265

9.IMPLIED OR RESULTING TRUSTS271

Ⅰ.Introduction271

Ⅱ.Purchase in the Name of Another274

Ⅲ.Voluntary Conveyance or Transfer277

Ⅳ.The Rebuttable Nature of the Presumptions279

Ⅴ.Failure of a Trust or its Beneficial Interests291

Ⅵ.Resulting Trusts Arising as a Result of Void or Voidable Transactions308

10.CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS312

Ⅰ.Introduction312

Ⅱ.Advantages obtained by Fiduciaries Breaching Their Duty of Loyalty330

Ⅲ.Dispositions of Trust Property in Breach of Trust370

Ⅳ.Advantages Obtained by Fraudulent or Unconscionable Conduct407

Ⅴ.Mutual Wills430

Ⅵ.The Vendor as Constructive Trustee438

Ⅶ.The Mortgagee as Constructive Trustee440

Ⅷ.Transfers of Property which are at Law Incomplete440

11.CHARITABLE TRUSTS442

Ⅰ.Introduction442

Ⅱ.Distinctions from Private Trusts443

Ⅲ.The Definition of Charity448

Ⅳ.The Classification of Charitable Trusts451

Ⅴ.The Cy-Pres Doctrine482

Ⅵ.The Administration of Charities493

12.PENSION TRUSTS503

Ⅰ.The Nature of Pension Schemes504

Ⅱ.Special Features of Pension Trusts516

Ⅲ.Interests under Pension Trusts and Third Parties532

Ⅳ.Winding Up Pension Schemes536

13.THE APPOINTMENT, RETIREMENT AND REMOVAL OF TRUSTEES543

Ⅰ.Types of Trustee543

Ⅱ.The Appointment of Trustees549

Ⅲ.The Retirement of Trustees565

Ⅳ.The Removal of Trustees568

Ⅴ.The Delegation of Trusteeship570

14.THE ADMINISTRATION OF TRUSTS573

Ⅰ.The Trustees’ Duty of Care573

Ⅱ.Joint Acts577

Ⅲ.Trustees’ Discretions and Powers578

Ⅳ.The Duty to Provide Information581

Ⅴ.Administrative Powers Relating to Trust Property590

Ⅵ.Investing the Trust Property592

Ⅶ.The Employment of Agents611

Ⅷ.Payments to Beneficiaries616

Ⅸ.Payment of Trustees’ Expenses618

Ⅹ.Applications to the Court619

15.THE TAXATION OF A TRUST624

Ⅰ.Stamp Duty624

Ⅱ.Income Tax629

Ⅲ.Capital Gains Tax633

Ⅳ.Inheritance Tax639

16.APPORTIONMENTS653

Ⅰ.Apportionments Between Capital and Income653

Ⅱ.Other Apportionments660

Ⅲ.Apportionments Relating to Stocks and Shares663

Ⅳ.Apportionments in Respect of National Savings Certificates670

Ⅴ.Apportionment of Outgoings671

Ⅵ.Excluding Apportionments671

17.INCOME FROM THE TRUST FUND672

Ⅰ.The Income of The Trust Fund672

Ⅱ.Gifts Carrying Income675

Ⅲ.The Retention of Income678

Ⅳ.The Maintenance of Minor Beneficiaries682

Ⅴ.Taxation Consequences688

18.APPLICATIONS OF TRUST CAPITAL693

Ⅰ.Expenses from Capital693

Ⅱ.Advancements694

Ⅲ.Advancements into Settlement700

Ⅳ.Other Applications of Capital707

Ⅴ.Appropriation709

19.THE POSITION OF A BENEFICIARY UNDER A TRUST711

Ⅰ.The Beneficiary’s Right To Information711

Ⅱ.The Control of Trustees’ Discretions712

Ⅲ.The Right to Compel Due Administration715

Ⅳ.The Right to Enforce Claims716

Ⅴ.The Right to Terminate a Trust717

20.TRUSTEES’ REMUNERATION AND BENEFITS721

Ⅰ.Modern Commercial Remuneration Terms722

Ⅱ.Express Charging Clauses722

Ⅲ.No Express Charging Clause727

Ⅳ.Other Situations Where a Trustee can Charge730

Ⅴ.Directors’ Fees735

Ⅵ.Commissions738

Ⅶ.Commercial Profits739

Ⅷ.Other Financial Benefits739

21.VARIATION OF TRUSTS741

Ⅰ.Management and Administrative Variations741

Ⅱ.Variation of Beneficial Interests743

22.BREACH OF TRUST761

Ⅰ.The Liability of a Trustee for His Own Acts762

Ⅱ.The Liability of a Trustee for the Acts of His Co-Trustees763

Ⅲ.The Measure of Liability764

Ⅳ.The Position of Trustees Inter Se776

Ⅴ.Limitation of Actions778

Ⅵ.Relief or Exemption from Prima Facie Liability785

Ⅶ.Personal Claims Against Third Parties794

Ⅷ.Legal Proprietary Claims800

Ⅸ.Equitable Proprietary Claims807

23.TRUSTS IN THE CONFLICT OF LAWS839

Ⅰ.Situations where Private International Law is Relevant841

Ⅱ.The Jurisdiction of the English Courts847

Ⅲ.What Law will the English Courts Apply?854

Ⅳ.The Enforcement by English Courts of Foreign Trusts Judgments865

24.EXPORTING TRUSTS867

Ⅰ.Motives867

Ⅱ.The Legacy of Exchange Control868

Ⅲ.Taxation871

Ⅳ.How Trusts are Exported881

Ⅴ.When Non-Resident Trustees may be Appointed883

Ⅵ.Exporting Part of the Trust888

Index891