MEASURING DAMAGES IN THE LAW OF OBLIGATIONS THE SEARCH FOR HARMONISED PRINCIPLES2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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1: Introduction1

Ⅰ The Law of Obligations1

Ⅱ The Law of Damages3

Ⅲ Desirability of a Harmonised Measure of Damages7

Ⅳ Possibility of a Harmonised Measure of Damages9

Ⅴ The Methodology Adopted in this Book12

Part 1: Remoteness of Damage15

2: The Present Remoteness Test in Tort17

Ⅰ Terminology17

Ⅱ The Foreseeability Criterion in Negligence17

Ⅲ Damage Versus Risk20

Ⅳ Degree of Foresight Required25

Ⅴ The 'Thin Skull' Rule27

Ⅵ The 'Scope of the Duty' Concept30

Ⅶ Torts other than Negligence34

3: The Present Remoteness Test in Contract37

Ⅰ Hadley v Baxendale37

Ⅱ Victoria Laundry38

Ⅲ The Heron II39

Ⅳ Parsons40

Ⅴ SAAMCO41

Ⅵ Brown v KMR Services Ltd42

Ⅶ Jackson v Royal Bank of Scotland plc43

Ⅷ The Achilleas44

Ⅸ Conclusion47

4: A Uniform Remoteness Test throughout the Common Law53

Ⅰ Contract and Tort Compared53

Ⅱ Reforming both Contract and Tort54

Ⅲ Reforming Tort Only56

Ⅳ Aligning Contract with Tort57

A The Fairness Argument57

B The Efficiency Argument60

C Objections to the Efficiency Argument63

i Prohibitive Costs63

ii Monopoly Situations63

iii Strategic Dilemma for Reliable Carriers64

iv Possibility of Menu65

D Preventing Unreasonable Reliance upon Performance65

E Contractual Liability is Generally Strict67

F Conclusion68

5: Remoteness of Damage in Equity70

Ⅰ Misapplication of Trust Property70

Ⅱ Breach of an Equitable Duty of Care and Skill73

Ⅲ Breach of Fiduciary Duty75

Part 2: Non-Pecuniary Loss81

6: Non-Pecuniary Loss in Tort83

Ⅰ Loss Resulting from Personal Injury84

Ⅱ Physical Inconvenience or Discomfort85

Ⅲ Loss of Reputation85

Ⅳ Mental Distress87

Ⅴ Bereavement89

7: Non-Pecuniary Loss in Contract90

Ⅰ Overview of the Present Law90

Ⅱ The General Bar to Compensation90

Ⅲ The Exception for Personal Injury93

Ⅳ The Exception for Physical Inconvenience93

Ⅴ The 'Object of the Contract' Exception95

Ⅵ Loss of Reputation100

Ⅶ Need for Reform103

Ⅷ Defensibility of the General Bar to Compensation104

A Avoiding Punishment104

B Avoiding Excessive Awards105

C General Remoteness of Non-Pecuniary Loss106

D Assumption of Risk107

E Difficult Assessment107

F Lower Cost of Contracting109

G Avoiding a Flood of Claims110

H Avoiding Bogus Claims113

Ⅸ Way of Reform114

8: Non-Pecuniary Loss in Equity117

Ⅰ Breach of Confidence in Its Core Meaning117

Ⅱ Breach of Confidence in Its Extended Meaning ('Breach of Privacy')119

Ⅲ Other Equitable Wrongs123

Part 3: Contributory Negligence127

9: Contributory Negligence in Tort129

Ⅰ The Position Apart From the1945 Act129

Ⅱ The Ambit of the 1945 Act131

Ⅲ Causation135

Ⅳ The Claimant's Fault137

Ⅴ Damage138

Ⅵ Apportionment141

10: Contributory Negligence in Contract145

Ⅰ The Position apart from the 1945 Act145

Ⅱ The Impact of the 1945 Act—Overview146

Ⅲ Breach of a Duty of Care Co-Extensive in Contract and Tort148

Ⅳ Breach of a Purely Contractual Duty of Care151

Ⅴ Strict Contractual Liability—The Present Law153

Ⅵ Need for Apportionment in Cases of Strict Liability155

A Resorting to Causation Doctrine156

B Resorting to Remoteness Doctrine158

C Resorting to Mitigation Doctrine159

Ⅶ Defensibility of Denying Apportionment in Cases of Strict Liability162

A No Duty to Supervise the Defendant162

B Distribution of Blame is Difficult164

C Uncertainty165

D Inequalities of Bargaining Power166

Ⅷ Way of Reform167

11: Contributory Negligence in Equity169

Part 4: Gain-Based Relief175

12: The Present Law of 'Restitution for Wrongs'177

Ⅰ Terminology177

Ⅱ The Inclusion of Hypothetical-Fee Awards179

Ⅲ Equity182

A Breach of Fiduciary Duty182

B Breach of Confidence Including Breach of Privacy185

Ⅳ Tort188

A Historical Development188

B Wrongful Interference with Goods190

C Trespass to Land191

D Intellectual Property Wrongs194

E Nuisance197

F Deceit and Fraud200

Ⅴ Contract203

A Hypothetical-Fee Award ('Wrotham Park Damages')203

B Account of Profits ('Blake Damages')206

13: The Proper Scope of 'Restitution for Wrongs'209

Ⅰ Existing Theories209

A Birks210

B Edelman210

C Friedmann211

D Jackman212

E Jaffey212

F Tettenborn213

G Weinrib213

H Worthington214

Ⅱ The Significance of Exclusive Entitlements215

Ⅲ Exclusive Entitlements Erga Omnes218

A Tangible and Intangible Property219

B Bodily Integrity222

C Reputation223

D Informational Rights224

Ⅳ Exclusive Entitlements Inter Partes226

A Contractual Right to Have Property Transferred227

i Land and Intangible Property227

ii Specific Chattel229

iii Generic Goods231

B Contractual Right to Be Treated As the Owner of Certain Property233

C Contractual Right to Someone Else's 'Labour Power'?235

D Right to the Loyalty of One's Fiduciary237

Ⅴ Situations in Which 'Restitution for Wrongs' is Inappropriate239

A Deceit239

B Skimped Contractual Performance240

Ⅵ Exclusive-Entitlement Theory and Present Law Compared242

Part 5: Exemplary Damages245

14: The Present Law of Exemplary Damages247

Ⅰ Terminology247

Ⅱ Rookes v Barnard248

Ⅲ Abuse of Power by Civil Servants250

A Conduct Required250

B Status of the Defendant252

C Criticism253

Ⅳ Profit-Seeking Behaviour254

A Fields of Application255

B Criticism256

Ⅴ Statutory Authorisation257

Ⅵ The 'Cause of Action' Test259

Ⅶ Exemplary Damages in Contract260

Ⅷ Exemplary Damages in Equity261

Ⅸ Need for Reform263

15: Objective of Exemplary Damages264

Ⅰ Penalising Reprehensible Behaviour264

Ⅱ Fostering Efficient Deterrence265

A Correction for Undercompensation265

B Correction for Underenforcement267

C Correction for Court Errors269

D Offsetting Illicit Benefits and Exceptional Costs271

E Encouraging Negotiations about the Use of Rights272

F Conclusion272

16: Defensibility of Confining Exemplary Damages to Tort273

Ⅰ Defensibility of Banning Exemplary Damages from Contract273

A Theory of Efficient Breach273

B Objections to the Theory of Efficient Breach274

C Relevance of the Theory of Efficient Breach276

D Inducement of Breach277

E Cost of Contracting277

F Crucial Differences between Contract and Tort278

G Conclusion280

Ⅱ Defensibility of Banning Exemplary Damages from Equity280

A Is Punishment a Traditional Objective of Equity?281

B Should Exemplary Damages be Available in Equity?282