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1 Elements of Petroleum Reservoir1

1．1 Permeability1

1．2 Connate Water Saturation3

1．3 Fluid Content of the Reservoir7

1．4 Definition and Causes of Wettability9

1．5 Determination of Wettability by Contact Angle Method12

1．6 Determination of Wettability by Relative Permeability Method16

1．7 Two-phase Relative Permeability19

1．8 Three-phase Relative Permeability23

1．9 Effects of Saturation States on Permeability27

1．10 Effects of Temperature on Permeability30

1．11 Reservoir Heterogeneity32

1．12 Types of Reservoir Heterogeneities35

1．13 Classification and Definition of Fracture38

1．14 Wettability Influence on Multiphase Flow41

1．15 Gas and Condensate Reservoirs45

2 Reservoir Engineering49

2．1 Derivation of Material Balance Equation49

2．2 Features of Material Balance Equation51

2．3 The Material Balance Expressed as a Linear Equation53

2．4 The Material Balance of Gascap Drive56

2．5 Natural Water Drive60

2．6 Natural Water Influx62

2．7 Factors Affecting Waterflood Oil Recovery Performance64

2．8 Practical Use of Waterflood Prediction Methods67

2．9 Historical Development of Waterflooding71

2．10 Improve Waterflooding74

2．11 Conditions of Solution of the Basic Radial Flow Differential Equation76

2．12 The Constant Terminal Rate Solution of the Radial Diffusivity Equation79

2．13 Well Stimulation83

3 Oilfield Development87

3．1 Reservoir Production Mechanisms87

3．2 Water Drive89

3．3 Solution Gas Drive93

3．4 Gas Cap Drive and Gravity Drainage95

3．5 Secondary Recovery97

3．6 Flood Patte?s100

3．7 Compaction Drive102

3．8 Displacement Efficiency105

3．9 Water Tonguing and Viscous Fingering107

3．10 Advantages and Limitations of Pilot Floods110

3．11 Estimating Drainage Volume113

3．12 Average Reservoir Pressure116

3．13 Factors Affecting Selection of Waterflood Pattern119

3．14 Production Mechanism of a Fractured Reservoir121

4 Improved Recovery126

4．1 Methods of Improving Oil Recovery126

4．2 Polymer Flooding128

4．3 Caustic Flooding131

4．4 Miscible Hydrocarbon Displacement133

4．5 Miscible Displacement135

4．6 Carbon Dioxide Injection138

4．7 Favorable Reservoir Properties140

4．8 Steam Stimulation142

4．9 Steam Flooding145

4．10 The Main Advantage and Disadvantage of Steam Flooding147

4．11 In Situ Combustion149

4．12 The Disadvantages of the In Situ Combustion153

4．13 Oil Displacement156

4．14 Oil Production158

4．15 Pilot Tests162

4．16 Overview of Conventional Oil-Recovery Methods163

5 Completion and Flowing168

5．1 Completion Interval168

5．2 Effects of Reservoir Characteristics on Well Completions（1）170

5．3 Effects of Reservoir Characteristics on Well Completions（2）172

5．4 Effect of Gas on the Shape of IPR174

5．5 Determination of IPR176

5．6 Flow Regimes in Vertical Two-phase Flow180

5．7 Multiphase Flow Correlations182

5．8 The Flowing Well184

5．9 Calculation Analysis in the Flowing Well187

5．10 Effects of Changes in Choke Size on Production189

5．11 The Heading Cycle192

6 Rod Systems197

6．1 The Beam Pumping System197

6．2 The Advantages of Tubing Pumps and Insert Pumps199

6．3 The Pumping Cycle201

6．4 Plunger Travel203

6．5 Valve Action205

6．6 Selection of Pump209

6．7 Calculation of the Rod Stretch211

6．8 Effect of Free Gas on Pump Efficiency213

6．9 Volumetric Efficiency214

6．10 Design of the Rod Strings218

6．11 Design of Beam-Pumping Installation220

6．12 The Pump Dynagraph Card222

6．13 Analysis of Problems in Rod-pumped Wells224

6．14 Summary of Sucker Rod Pumping226

7 Rodless Systems230

7．1 Definition of Gas Lift230

7．2 The Principles of Gas Lift232

7．3 Determining Flow Rates Possible by Gas Lift234

7．4 Gas Lift Valves and String Design237

7．5 Analysis of Problems in Gas Lift Wells239

7．6 Summary of Gas Lift240

7．7 Introduction of Electric Submersible Centrifugal Pumps243

7．8 Description of Electric Submersible Pumps245

7．9 Summary of Electrical Submersible Pumps249

7．10 Introduction of Hydraulic Pumping-piston Type251

7．11 Description of Hydraulic Pumps254

7．12 Summary of Hydraulic Pumping（1）256

7．13 Summary of Hydraulic Pumping（2）258

7．14 Introduction of Jet Pumping260

8 Reservoir Stimulation264

8．1 Theories of Hydraulic Fracturing264

8．2 Fracturing for Well Stimulation266

8．3 Determination of Wells Applicable for Hydraulic Fracturing（1）269

8．4 Determination of Wells Applicable for Hydraulic Fracturing（2）272

8．5 Fracturing Fluid Properties273

8．6 Embedment Pressure277

8．7 Fracture Conductivity279

8．8 Effect of Packed Fracture on Conductivity281

8．9 Summary of Hydraulic Fracturing285

8．10 Acids and Additives Used in Well Stimulation287

8．11 Factors Controlling Acid Reaction Rate289

9．1 Definition of Sand Control292

9 Special Problems of Oil Well Production292

9．2 Cause of Sand Production293

9．3 Damages of Sand Production296

9．4 Sand Control Mechanisms298

9．5 Mechanical Methods of Sand Control299

9．6 Plastic Consolidation Methods of Sand Control301

9．7 Comparison of Sand Control Methods304

9．8 Conventional Remedies305

9．9 New Remedy308

9．10 Water Source Selection310

9．11 Oilfield Water Handling311

9．12 Why Scales Form313

9．13 Downhole Cleanout314

9．14 Basic Cause of Formation Damage317

参考译文320

练习参考答案438