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CHAPTER Ⅰ．Principles of Investigation of the Physical Properties of Anisotropic Substances1

1．Anisotropy in the Structure and Properties of Crystalline and Certain Noncrystalline Materials1

2．Crystallographic Symmetry3

CHAPTER Ⅱ．Certain Aspects of the Structure and Properties of Wood as an Anisotropic Inhomogeneous Material5

1．Anisotropy of Wood and Its Irregularity5

2．Influence of Wood Structure on Its Physical-Mechanical Properties7

3．Structure of the Cell Walls10

CHAPTER Ⅲ．Piezoelectricity15

1．Brief Outline of the Direct and Inverse Piezoelectric Effect15

2．Polarization Intensity16

3．Mechanical Stress17

4．General Theory of Piezoelectricity19

5．Piezoelectric Tensors20

CHAPTER Ⅳ．Method of Investigating the Piezoelectric Properties of Wood23

1．Fabrication and Testing of Bending-Action Piezoelectric Elements23

2．On the Constituent in Wood That Invests It With Piezoelectric Qualities28

3．Fabrication and Testing of Compressive-Action Piezoelectric Elements29

4．Investigation of the Piezoelectric Tensor of Wood34

5．Determining the Piezoelectric Moduli of Wood37

6．Method and Accuracy of Calculation of the Piezoelectric Moduli of Wood43

7．Dependence of the Piezoelectric Moduli of Wood on the Elastic Moduli of the Piezoelectric Elements46

8．On the Technique of Determining the Influence of Certain Factors on the Piezoelectric Moduli of Wood48

9．Investigation of the Piezoelectric Properties of Wood with Various Degrees of Mechanical Loading of the Piezoelctric Elements50

10．On the Inverse Piezoelectric Effect in Wood51

CHAPTER Ⅴ．Selected Problems in the Elastic Anisotropy of Wood as Related to the Study of Its Piezoelectric Properties53

1．Fundamental Concepts and Definitions53

2．Symmetry of the Elasticity Tensor of Wood in the Principal Coordinate System and the Various Forms in Which It Is Expressed55

3．Transformation of the Components of the Elasticity Tensor of Wood in Changing from the Principal to an Arbitrarily Chosen Coordinate System56

4．Expression of the Elastic Modulus of Radial Piezoelectric Elements in Terms of the Tensor Components in the Principal Coordinate System58

5．Expression of the Elastic Modulus of Tangential Piezoelectric Elements in Terms of the Tensor Components in the Principal Coordinate System59

6．Piezoelectric Elements as Specimens for Determining the Elastic Modulus61

7．Relations between the Total Strain Moduli and Elastic Moduli of Wood62

8．Method and Accuracy of Calculation of the Total Strain Moduli63

CHAPTER Ⅵ．Investigation of the Influence of Various Factors on the Magnitude of the Piezoelectric Effect in Wood65

1．The Piezoelectric Moduli of Various Species of Wood65

2．Influence of the Density of Wood on the Magnitude of Its Piezoelectric Moduli67

3．Piezoelectric Moduli of Pressed Wood and the Regularities in Their Behavior77

4．Variations in the Piezoelectric and Other Properties of Wood Along the the Radius of the Trunk84

5．Connection between the Piezoelectric and Elastic Properties of Various Species of Wood100

6．Connection between the Total Strain Modulus of Various Species of Piezoelectric Elements and the Percentage of Summerwood，Density，and Orientation101

7．Comparison of the Piezoelectric Properties of the Various Species of Wood103

8．Investigation of the Influence of the Percentage of Summerwood and Density on the Piezoelectric Properties of Various Species of Wood in the Collateral Examination of the Experimental Results105

CHAPTER Ⅶ．The Structure of Cellulose，Its Derivatives and Associated Compounds108

1．Basic Facts Concerning Cellulose and the Symmetry of Its Structural Elements108

2．Chemical Composition of Wood112

3．Structure of Certain Associated Compounds115

CHAPTER Ⅷ．Piezoelectric Properties of Cellulose116

1．Procedure for Investigating the Piezoelectric Properties of Cellulose Preparations116

2．Piezoelectric Effect in Cellophane119

3．Piezoelectric Effect in Celluloid121

4．Piezoelectric Properties of Oriented Alpha-Cellulose Fibers(Viscose Rayon)123

5．Piezoelectric Properties of Wood Pulp125

6．Piezoelectric Properties of Cotton Cellulose128

CHAPTER Ⅸ．The Relation between the Piezoelectric Properties of Wood and Cellulose and Their Structure130

1．Some Results of the Experimental Investigation of the Piezoelectric Properties of Wood and Cellulose130

2．General Characteristic of ∞：2 Piezoelectric Textures131

3．On the ∞：2 Piezoelectric Texture Particle of Various Cellulose Materials and the Regularities Governing Particle Orientation in the Textures133

4．The Cell as a Piezoelectric Texture Particle in Wood135

5．Wood as a Piezoelectric Texture142

6．Piezoelectric Properties of Parenchymatous Cells143

7．Piezoelectric Properties of the Texture Formed by the Vertical System of Prosenchymatous Wood Cells146

8．Piezoelectric Properties of the Parenchymatous Xylem Ray Cell System153

9．Wood as an Inhomogeneous Piezoelectric Texture154

10．Influence of the Structural Inhomogeneity of Wood on Its Elastic and Piezoelectric Properties158

11．Determining the Orientation of Wood as an Anisotropic Substance by Means of the Piezoelectric Effect167

12．Piezoelectric Effect of Sugars as Products of the Hydrolysis of Polysaccharides-the Satellites of Cellulose170

13．The Piezoelectric Effect in Treated Wood and Its Importance in the Investigation of Cellulose Structure171

14．Structural Anisotropy of Wood and Its Components175

Bibliography177