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1Justice， pluralism and the international perspective1

1.1 Introduction1

1.2 Justice， pluralism and private international law3

1.2.1. Justice and the application of foreign law4

1.2.2. Justice and jurisdiction6

1.2.3. Justice and foreign judgments8

1.2.4. Party expectations8

1.2.5. Conclusions10

1.3 Perspectives on private international law10

1.3.1. The systemic perspective10

1.3.2. National and international perspectives12

1.3.3. Autonomy and mutuality14

1.4 Justice revisited16

1.4.1. Conflicts justice16

1.4.2. Systemic justice17

1.4.3. Private international law rules as secondary rules19

1.5 The components of private international law20

1.6 The international character of private international law23

1.7 Outline24

2 The private history of international law26

2.1 Introduction26

2.2 The origins of private international law28

2.2.1. Roman law29

2.2.2. The statutists30

2.2.3. The common law36

2.3 The positivist ‘revolution’ in international law37

2.3.1. General features of positivism37

2.3.2. Sovereignty and state practice38

2.3.3. The positivist account of international law40

2.3.4. Positivist international law and private international law44

2.4 Natural law53

2.4.1. Natural law and international law53

2.4.2. Natural law and private international law56

2.5 Historicism61

2.5.1. Historicism and international law61

2.5.2. Historicism and private international law63

2.6 The end of the private history of international law？66

2.6.1. The decline of universality66

2.6.2. Self-limitation in public and private international law70

2.6.3. Private international law as national law71

2.7 Conclusions72

3 From positivism to constitutionalism74

3.1 Introduction74

3.2 Critiques of positivism75

3.2.1. The myth of sovereignty75

3.2.2. Explanatory critique78

3.2.3. Normative critique79

3.3 Beyond positivism81

3.3.1. New natural law81

3.3.2. New historicism84

3.3.3. Sovereignty reconsidered87

3.4 Challenges to the international/national legal divide88

3.4.1. Explanatory critique89

3.4.2. Normative critique96

3.5 International constitutional law and subsidiarity99

3.5.1. Constitutionalism and international ‘secondary norms’100

3.5.2. Universalism and the supremacy of international law102

3.5.3. Subsidiarity103

3.5.4. The allocation of regulatory authority106

3.5.5. International federalism and global governance107

3.6 Conclusions112

4 Private international law and constitutional law in federal systems115

4.1 Introduction115

4.2 ‘Federal’ private international law117

4.2.1. The possibility of federal private international law117

4.2.2. Internal and international private international law117

4.2.3. The slow development of federal private international law119

4.2.4. The special role of private international law in federal systems122

4.3 The United States125

4.3.1. Private international law - international or constitutional？127

4.3.2. The two revolutions in United States private international law133

4.3.3. The impact of the constitution on State choice of law rules140

4.3.4. The impact of the constitution on exceptions to State choice of law rules145

4.3.5. The impact of the constitution on jurisdiction147

4.3.6. The impact of the constitution on the recognition and enforcement of judgments151

4.3.7. Explaining the weak impact of the constitution on US private international law - subsidiarity and regulato competition152

4.4 Australia157

4.4.1. Applicable law in diversi jurisdiction157

4.4.2. Early interpretation of the Full Faith and Credit clause159

4.4.3. The Australian revolution - choice of law in tort162

4.5 Canada167

4.5.1. The Canadian revolution - jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments168

4.5.2. The Canadian revolution - choice of law in tort173

4.6 The European Union175

4.6.1. The need for European private international law177

4.6.2. Private international law and the internal market180

4.6.3. The expanding role of private international law182

4.6.4. Subsidiarity and the idea of private international law as structure185

4.6.5. Private international law as a system of rights protection187

4.6.6. Reconciling structure and rights protection198

4.6.7. Mutual recognition and the ‘country of origin’ principle200

4.7 Conclusions205

4.7.1. Private international law as structure206

4.7.2. Private international law as rights protection207

4.7.3. Federalism and private international law209

5 The confluence of public and private international law211

5.1 Introduction211

5.2 Evidence of a systemic perspective in private international law213

5.2.1. International law and institutions214

5.2.2. The United States217

5.2.3. Common law states and the European Union222

5.2.4. Conclusions224

5.3 Constitutional structure224

5.3.1. International regulation of regulation225

5.3.2. Territoriality234

5.3.3. Personality246

5.3.4. Cultural identity and private international law255

5.3.5. Public policy257

5.3.6. Interests and connections259

5.4 International rights protection264

5.4.1. The development of international private rights264

5.4.2. The domestic effect of international rights269

5.4.3. International rights in the formulation of private international law rules271

5.4.4. International rights in the application of private international law rules - international public policy274

5.4.5. International harmonisation of procedural law287

5.5 International economic law and private international law288

5.6 Party autonomy291

5.7 Subsidiarity in private international law295

6 Conclusions298

Bibliography310

Index388