理解公共政策 第11版2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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1 POLICY ANALYSIS:What Governments Do,Why They Do It,and What Difference It Makes1

What Is Public Policy?1

Why Study Public Policy?3

What Can Be Learned From Policy Analysis?5

Policy Analysis and Policy Advocacy6

Policy Analysis and the Quest for Solutions to America's Problems7

Policy Analysis as Art and Craft9

Note10

Bibliography10

Web Sites10

2 MODELS OF POLITICS:Some Help in Thinking about Public Policy11

Models for Policy Analysis11

Institutionalism:Policy as Institutional Output12

Process:Policy as Political Activity14

Rationalism:Policy as Maximum Social Gain15

Incrementalism:Policy as Variations on the Past18

Group Theory:Policy as Group Equilibrium20

Elite Theory:Policy as Elite Preference22

Public Choice Theory:Policy as Collective Decision Making by Self-Interested Individuals24

Game Theory:Policy as Rational Choice in Competitive Situations26

Models:How to Tell if They are Helping or Not28

Notes29

Bibliography30

Web Sites30

3 THE POLICYMAKING PROCESS:Decision-Making Activities31

The Policy Process:How Policies Are Made31

Problem Identification and Agenda Setting31

Agenda Setting From The Bottom Up33

Agenda Setting From The Top Down35

"Nondecisions":Deciding What Will not be Decided39

Agenda Setting and Mobilizing Opinion:The Mass Media40

Formulating Policy42

Interest Groups and Policymaking43

Policy Legitimation:The Proximate Policymakers47

Policy Implementation:the Bureaucracy52

Policy Evaluation:Impressionistic Versus Systematic55

Summary56

Notes57

Bibliography58

Web Sites58

4 CRIMINAL JUSTICE:Rationality and Irrationality in Public Policy60

Crime in America60

Crime and Deterrence63

Does Crime Pay?65

Police and Law Enforcement67

Federalizing Crime Fighting70

Crime and Guns71

The Drug War74

Crime and the Courts79

RICO Versus Liberty82

Prisons and Correctional Policies84

Capital Punishment85

Summary88

Notes89

Bibliography90

Web Sites91

5 HEALTH AN D WELFARE:The Search for Rational Strategies92

Rationality and Irrationality in the Welfare State92

Defining the Problem:Poverty in America95

Who are the Poor?96

Why are the Poor Poor?99

The Preventive Strategy:Social Security101

Evaluation:Intended and Unintended Consequences of Social Security103

Social Security Reform?105

The Alleviative Strategy:Public Assistance107

Welfare Reform108

Evaluation:is Welfare Reform Working?110

The Working Poor111

Homelessness and Public Policy112

Health Care in America113

Evaluation:Health Care Access and Costs116

Health Care Reform Strategies119

Summary121

Notes123

Bibliography123

Web Sites123

6 EDUCATION:The Group Struggle125

Multiple Goals in Educational Policy125

The Educational Groups126

Battling Over the Basics128

The Federal Government's Role in Education131

"No Child Left Behind"134

Controversies Over Testing136

Parental Choice in Education137

Battles Over School Finances139

Public Policy and Higher Education140

"Diversity"in Higher Education142

Groups in Higher Education145

Reading,Writing,and Religion147

Summary151

Notes152

Bibliography153

Web Sites153

7 ECONOMIC POLICY:Incrementalism at Work155

Incrementalism in Fiscal and Monetary Policy155

Economic Theories as Policy Guides156

The Performance of the American Economy160

The Fed at Work161

Incrementalism and Government Spending163

"Entitlement"Spending165

Changing Budget Priorities:Challenging Incrementalism167

Government Debt,Deficits,and Surpluses168

The Formal Budgetary Process170

Summary174

Notes175

Bibliography175

Web Sites175

8 TAX POLICY:Battling the Special Interests177

Interest Groups and Tax Policy177

The Federal Tax System178

Taxation,Fairness,and Growth183

Tax Reform and the Special Interests186

Return of the Special Interests188

Replacing the Income Tax?191

Summary194

Notes195

Bibliography195

Web Sites196

9 INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND IMMIGRATION:Elite-Mass Conflict197

The Global Economy197

Changing Elite Preferences for World Trade198

Elite Gains from Trade202

Mass Losses From Trade205

Elite-Mass Differences Over Immigration208

National Immigration Policy210

Summary214

Notes215

Bibliography215

Web Sites216

10 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY:Externalities and Interests217

Public Choice and the Environment217

Environmental Externalities220

Interest Group Effects226

The Global Warming Controversy228

The Nuclear Industry Meltdown231

Politicians and Bureaucrats:Regulating the Environment233

Alternative Public Choice Solutions235

Summary237

Notes238

Bibliography238

Web Sites239

11 CIVIL RIGHTS:Elite and Mass Interaction240

Elite and Mass Opinions and Race240

The Development of Civil Rights Policy242

Mass Resistance to Desegregation244

Racial Balancing in Public Schools247

The Civil Rights Movement249

Public Policy and Affirmative Action251

The Supreme Court and Affirmative Action253

Mass OPinion and Affirmative Action256

Public Policy and Hispanic Americans259

The Constitution and Gender Equality260

Public Policy and Gender Equality262

Abortion and the Right to Life266

Public Policy and the Disabled268

Summary269

Notes270

Bibliography272

Web Sites272

12 AMERICAN FEDERALISM:Institutional Arrangements and Public Policy273

American Federalism273

Why Federalism?274

Politics and Institutional Arrangements276

American Federalism:Variations on the Theme278

Money and Power Flow to Washington282

Federalism Revived?283

Comparing Public Policies of the States285

Institutions and Public Policy287

Summary290

Notes291

Bibliography292

Web Sites292

13 DEFENSE POLICY:Strategies for Serious Games294

National Security as a Serious Game294

Confronting Nuclear Threats295

Arms Control Games296

Missile Defenses:The Limits of Deterrence299

NATO and European Security300

When to Use Military Force?303

Using Military Force306

Determining Military Force Levels309

Summary313

Notes315

Bibliography315

Web Sites315

14 HOMELAND SECURITY:Terrorism and Nondeterrable Threats316

The Nature of Terrorism316

The War on Terrorism317

The Department of Homeland Security322

Fighting Terrorism With Intelligence323

Security Versus Liberty327

Summary330

Notes330

Bibliography331

Web Sites331

15 POLICY EVALUATION:Finding Out What Happens after a Law is Passed332

Policy Evaluation:Assessing the Impact of Public Policy332

The Symbolic Impact of Policy334

Program Evaluation:What Governments Usually Do335

Program Evaluation:What Governments Can Do337

Federal Evaluation:The General Accounting Office339

Experimental Policy Research340

Program Evaluation:Why It Fails So Often342

How Bureaucrats Explain Negative Findings343

Why Government Programs Are Seldom Terminated344

Politics As a Substitute For Analysis346

The Limits Of Public Policy347

Notes348

Bibliography349

Web Sites349

INDEX351