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Unit 1 The WTO in Brief1

PART A1

1.1 What is WTO?1

Exercises 12

1.2 GATT:"Provisional"for Almost Half a Century5

Exercises 26

1.3 The Multilateral Trading System10

Exercises 311

1.4 The Structure and the Secretariat of WTO13

Exercises 414

PART B17

Translation of WTO Documents17

Language Features of This Unit20

Background Information for Your Reference in Chinese22

Unit 2 Decision Making23

PART A23

2.1 Whose WTO is it anyway?23

Exercises 124

2.2 Levels of Authority26

Exercises 227

2.3 Settling Disputes30

2.3.1 Dispute-Settling Principles30

2.3.2 How are disputes settled?31

Exercises 332

2.3.3 Appeals34

2.3.4 Penalty34

2.3.5 Same People,Different Hats?35

Exercises 435

PART B39

Translation of WTO Documents39

Language Features of This Unit43

Background Information for Your Reference in Chinese45

Unit 3 Goods Trade(Ⅰ)47

PART A47

3.1 Agriculture47

Exercises 148

3.2 Anti-Dumping51

Exercises 253

3.3 Balance of Payments56

3.4 Customs Valuation57

Exercises 358

3.5 GATT and the Goods Council60

3.6 Import Licensing60

3.7 Information Technology Products60

3.7.1 Basic Principles of the ITA61

3.7.2 Normal Implementation Period61

3.7.3 Extended Staging/Developing Countries61

3.7.4 The ITA Today62

3.8 Market Access for Goods62

3.8.1 Tariff Cuts62

3.8.2 More Bindings63

Exercises 463

PART B65

Translation of WTO Documents65

Language Features of This Unit67

Background Information for Your Reference in Chinese67

Unit 4 Goods Trade(Ⅱ)70

PART A70

4.1 Rules of Origin70

4.1.1 A General Introduction70

4.1.2 An Excerpt from the Agreement on Rules of Origin71

4.2 Safeguard Measures71

Exercises 173

4.3 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures75

4.3.1 Regulations for Animal and Plant Products75

4.3.2 The Least Developed and Those Depending on Food Imports76

4.4 Schedules of Concessions on Goods76

4.4.1 The Uruguay Round Increased Bindings76

4.4.2 Four Parts of the Schedule76

4.4.3 Content of the Schedule77

Exercises 277

4.5 State Trading Enterprise79

4.6 Subsidies and Countervailing Measures80

Exercises 382

4.7 Technical Barriers to Trade83

4.8 Textiles83

4.8.1 Textiles Monitoring Body(TMB)83

4.8.2 The WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing(ATC)1995—200484

Exercises 487

4.9 Trade Facilitation88

4.9.1 Mandate for Work by the Singapore Ministerial Declaration88

4.9.2 What is Trade Facilitation?88

4.9.3 Why is Trade Facilitation Becoming an Issue Now?89

4.9.4 Trade Facilitation in the Legal Framework of the WTO89

4.9.5 Current Status of Work89

Exercises 589

PART B90

Translation of WTO Documents90

Language Features of This Unit92

Background Information for Your Reference in Chinese93

Unit 5 Service Trade94

PART A94

5.1 Basic Principles94

5.2 General Obligations and Disciplines94

5.2.1 Total Coverage94

5.2.2 Most-Favored-Nation(MFN)Treatment95

5.2.3 Commitments on Market Access and National Treatment95

5.2.4 Transparency96

5.2.5 Regulations96

5.2.6 Recognition96

5.2.7 International Payments and Transfers96

5.2.8 Progressive Liberalization97

Exercises 197

5.3 The Annexes101

5.3.1 Movement of Natural Persons102

5.3.2 Financial Services102

5.3.3 Telecommunications102

5.3.4 Air Transport Services102

5.4 Current Work102

5.4.1 Negotiations(Article 19)102

5.4.2 Work on GATS Rules(Articles 10,13,15)103

5.4.3 Work on Domestic Regulations(Article 4.4)103

5.4.4 MFN Exemptions(Annex on Article 2)103

5.4.5 Taking Account of"Autonomous"Liberalization(Article 19)104

5.4.6 Special Treatment for Least-Developed Countries(Article 19)104

5.4.7 Assessment of Trade in Services(Article 19)104

5.4.8 Air Transport Services104

Exercises 2104

5.5 Assessment of Liberalization in Services107

5.5.1 Sectoral Experience of Hong Kong in Telecommunications107

5.5.2 Background107

5.5.3 Financial Model107

5.5.4 Cost-Benefits Analysis108

5.5.5 Tangible Benefits109

5.5.6 Intangible Benefits109

5.5.7 Observations110

Exercises 3110

PART B114

Translation of WTO Documents114

Language Features of This Unit115

Background Information for Your Reference in Chinese116

Unit 6 Intellectual Property118

PART A118

6.1 Understanding of Intellectual Property(IP)Rights118

6.2 Industrial Property118

Exercises 1119

6.3 Intellectual Property:Protection and Enforcement124

6.3.1 Origins of TRIPS124

6.3.2 WIPO125

6.3.3 General Provisions126

6.4 Basic Principles of TRIPS126

6.5 How to Protect Intellectual Property:Common Ground-Rules127

6.5.1 Copyright127

6.5.2 Trademarks127

6.5.3 Geographical Indications127

Exercises 2128

6.5.4 Industrial Designs132

6.5.5 Patents132

6.5.6 Integrated Circuits Layout Designs133

6.5.7 Undisclosed Information and Trade Secrets133

6.5.8 Curbing Anti-Competitive Licensing Contracts133

6.6 Enforcement:Tough but Fair133

6.6.1 Technology Transfer133

6.6.2 Transition Arrangements:1,5 or 11 Years or More134

6.7 The Three Main Features of the Agreement134

6.8 Certain General Provisions135

Exercises 3136

6.9 The Text of TRIPS139

Exercises 4141

PART B145

Translation of WTO Documents145

Language Features of This Unit147

Background Information for Your Reference in Chinese147

Unit 7 Understanding WTO Agreements on Agriculture149

PART A149

7.1 Overview149

7.2 How the WTO Agreement on Agriculture Come Out150

7.2.1 Agricultural Trade150

7.2.2 Trade Policies Prior to the WTO150

7.2.3 Uruguay Round Agricultural Negotiations151

Exercises 1152

7.3 Introduction of the Agreement on Agriculture156

7.3.1 Relationship with other WTO Agreements156

7.3.2 Product coverage156

7.3.3 Rules and commitments156

7.3.4 Implementation period156

7.3.5 Committee on Agriculture157

7.4 The WTO Agreement on Agriculture Itself157

7.4.1 Part Ⅰ158

Exercises 2159

7.4.2 Part Ⅱ162

7.4.3 Part Ⅲ163

7.4.4 Part Ⅳ165

Exercises 3166

7.4.5 Part Ⅴ169

7.4.6 Part Ⅵ171

Exercises 4172

PART B175

Translation of WTO Documents175

Language Features of This Unit179

Background Information for Your Reference in Chinese180

Unit 8 Relation between WTO and China182

PART A182

8.1 China Has Had a"Long March"to WTO Entry182

8.2 China's WTO Entry Is a Major Historic Event183

Exercises 1184

8.3 The Balance of Rights and Duties188

8.4 What Can China's Industries Get from the WTO?188

Exercises 2189

8.5 The Sino-US Bilateral Agreement191

Exercises 3194

PART B196

Translation of WTO Documents196

Language Features of This Unit199

Background Information for Your Reference in Chinese199

Unit 9 An Outline of WTO Agreements201

PART A201

9.1 Overview201

9.2 The Structure of the WTO Agreements202

9.3 Tariffs:More Bindings and Closer to Zero203

Exercises 1203

9.4 Agreements,Binding'Tariffs and Distortion206

9.5 The Agriculture Agreement:New Rules and Commitments208

9.6 Export Subsidies:Limits on Spending and Quantities209

Exercises 2210

9.7 Standards and Safety213

9.8 Textiles:Back in the Mainstream214

9.9 Services:Rules for Growth and Investment215

Exercises 3216

9.10 General Obligations and Disciplines217

9.11 International Payments and Transfers219

Exercises 4220

PART B222

Translation of WTO Documents222

Language Features of This Unit224

Background Information for Your Reference in Chinese225

Unit 10 Dispute Settlement227

PART A227

10.1 A Unique Contribution227

10.2 Settling Disputes228

10.3 How the Panels Are to Work229

10.3.1 Appeals230

Exercises 1231

10.3.2 Case Study234

10.3.3 Disputes:Where Should They Be Handled?234

Exercises 2237

10.4 A GATT Dispute:The Tuna-Dolphin Dispute240

10.5 Examples of Dispute Settlement Documents242

Exercises 3244

PART B247

Translation of WTO Documents247

Language Features of This Unit249

Background Information for Your Reference in Chinese250