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Chapter 1 Separation Processes1

1.1 Characteristics of separation process and separation factor2

1.1.1 Characteristics of separation process2

1.1.2 Separation factor5

1.2 Classifications of separation process6

1.3 Selection of separation processes8

1.4 Industrial chemical processes9

Words12

Notes13

Problems14

References15

Chapter 2 Foundation of Multicomponent,Multistage Separations16

2.1 Degree of freedom and design variables16

2.1.1 General description16

2.1.2 Design and control degrees of freedom21

2.1.3 Phase rule and the degree of freedom analysis of processes22

2.2 Calculation of phase equilibrium24

2.2.1 Phase equilibrium24

2.2.2 Phase equilibrium data26

2.2.3 Calculations of vapor-liquid equilibrium28

2.3 Multicomponent bubble-and dew-point calculations35

2.4 Single stage equilibrium calculations37

2.4.1 Determination of phase conditions for a mixture and types of flash distillation calculations38

2.4.2 Isothermal flash39

2.4.3 Adiabatic flash42

2.5 Batch distillation43

2.5.1 Introduction43

2.5.2 Unconventional column configurations45

2.5.3 Batch distillation optimization46

2.6 Steam distillation46

2.7 Continuous distillation47

Words49

Notes50

Problems52

References54

Chapter 3 Multicomponent,Multistage Separations55

3.1 Multicomponent distillation55

3.1.1 Key components56

3.1.2 Complex of multicomponent distillation57

3.2 Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland shortcut method58

3.2.1 Material balance method of sharp separation59

3.2.2 Fenske equation for minimum equilibrium stages63

3.2.3 Underwood formula for minimum reflux ratio67

3.2.4 Gilliland correlation for actual reflux ratio and theoretical stages69

3.2.5 Feed-stage location70

3.3 Azeotropic distillation71

3.3.1 Azeotropism71

3.3.2 Characteristics of azeotrope73

3.3.3 Azeotropic distillation processes73

3.3.4 Azeotropic distillation using an entrainer77

3.4 Extractive distillation79

3.4.1 Introduction79

3.4.2 Principles of extractive distillation80

3.4.3 Analysis of extractive distillation process82

3.5 Salt distillation84

Words86

Notes87

Problems89

References91

Chapter 4 Gas Absorption and Stripping92

4.1 Introduction92

4.2 Gas-liquid equilibrium93

4.2.1 Equilibrium of physical absorption93

4.2.2 Equilibrium of chemical absorption94

4.3 Absorption and stripping process95

4.3.1 Introduction of absorption and stripping process95

4.3.2 Analysis of multicomponent absorption and stripping process97

4.4 Shortcut calculation of multicomponent absorption and stripping process100

4.4.1 Basic conception of absorption process calculation101

4.4.2 Absorption factor method102

4.4.3 Stripping factor method112

Words113

Notes113

Problems114

References116

Chapter 5 Rigorous Methods for Multicomponent,Multistage Separations117

5.1 Theoretical model for an equilibrium stage117

5.1.1 Physical model of complex distillation column117

5.1.2 Theoretical model of equilibrium stage118

5.2 General strategy of mathematical solution121

5.3 Equation-tearing procedures121

5.3.1 Tridiagonal-matrix algorithm122

5.3.2 Bubble-point (BP) method124

5.3.3 Sum-rates (SR)method127

5.3.4 Simultaneous-correction method128

5.4 Stage-by-stage method128

5.4.1 Starting point of calculation128

5.4.2 Calculation at constant molar overflow129

5.4.3 Determination of feed stage and the criteria for the end of calculation131

5.4.4 Calculation at varying molar overflow133

Words140

Notes141

Problems142

References143

Chapter 6 Efficiency and Energy Saving in Distillation Process145

6.1 Efficiency145

6.1.1 Types of plate efficiency146

6.1.2 Factors impacting efficiency148

6.1.3 Efficiency calculation methods152

6.1.4 Overall efficiency evaluation of commercial distillation columns153

6.2 Minimum work of separation process153

6.2.1 General description153

6.2.2 Minimum work of separation154

6.2.3 Nonisothermal separation and available energy157

6.2.4 Net work consumption and thermodynamic efficiency158

6.3 Energy saving in distillation process159

6.3.1 Thermodynamic analysis of separation process159

6.3.2 Distillation with intermediate condenser and reboiler160

6.3.3 Multi-effect distillation160

6.3.4 Heat pump165

6.4 Distillation sequencing166

6.4.1 Distillation sequencing using simple columns166

6.4.2 Practical constraints restricting options169

6.4.3 Choice of sequence for simple nonintegrated distillation columns170

6.4.4 Distillation sequencing using columns with more than two products170

6.5 Synthesis of separation processes by case-based reasoning171

6.5.1 Selection of single separations172

6.5.2 Synthesis of azeotropic separations173

6.5.3 Synthesis of separation sequences174

6.5.4 Combined operations175

6.5.5 Examples on azeotropic separation176

6.6 Design and optimization of thermally coupled distillation schemes177

6.7 Energy efficiency of an indirect.thermally coupled distillation sequence180

Words184

Notes185

Problems186

References188

Chapter 7 Other Separation Methods189

7.1 Adsorption189

7.1.1 Adsorbents191

7.1.2 Fundamentals of adsorption equilibria194

7.1.3 Theories of adsorption equilibria195

7.1.4 Processes and cycles198

7.1.5 Application in carbon dioxide separation204

7.2 Ion exchange206

7.2.1 Structure of ion exchange resins206

7.2.2 Principles of ion exchange processes208

7.2.3 Type of ion exchange resins210

7.2.4 Application of ion exchange resins211

7.2.5 Regeneration of ion exchange resins215

7.3 Liquid-liquid extraction215

7.3.1 Solvent selection216

7.3.2 Extractor design218

7.3.3 Liquid-liquid extraction equipment220

7.3.4 Supercritical fluid extraction223

7.4 Reactive distillation228

7.4.1 Introduction228

7.4.2 Basic of reactive distillation228

7.4.3 Available commercial catalytic packings and homogeneous internals231

7.4.4 Barriers to commercial implementation231

7.4.5 Computational methods232

7.4.6 Application233

7.5 Membrane separation241

7.5.1 Introduction241

7.5.2 Membranes for gas separation241

7.5.3 Membranes for liquid separation245

Words248

Notes251

Problems254

References254