英汉请求策略理论与实证对比研究 礼貌语用学视野2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

英汉请求策略理论与实证对比研究 礼貌语用学视野PDF格式电子书版下载

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Tables54

Table 2-1：List of felicity conditions on the directive class54

Table 2-2：Request strategies66

Table 3-1：Social distance and dominance variation for each request situation110

Table 4-1：Request strategies for the AM and CHN groups in the DCT114

Table 4-2：Frequency of formal means of requests by the AM,IL and CHN groups116

Table 4-3：Situations in each situation set126

Table 4-4：Opting out strategy126

Table 4-5：Direct strategy127

Table 4-6：Conventionally indirect strategy128

Table 4-7：Combined strategy129

Table 4-8：Non-conventionally indirect strategy129

Table 4-9：Cultural stratifications of strategy categories for all situations for groups AM,IL and CHN130

Table 4-10：Combined strategies of requests131

Table 4-11：+SD(Directness levels)135

Table 4-12：-SD(Directness levels)135

Table 4-13：Comparison of intra-groups in the use of strategies between +SD and -SD136

Table 4-14：X=Y(Directness levels)137

Table 4-15：X＞Y(Directness levels)137

Table 4-16：X＜Y(Directness levels)138

Table 4-17：Comparison of intra-groups in the use of strategies between X=Y,X＞Y and X＜Y138

Table 4-18：Comparison between three groups in the case of request controllability142

Table 4-19：Comparison of the age differences in the use of strategies144

Table 4-20：Sexual differences of request strategies for the AM group in three situations145

Table 4-21：Sexual differences of request strategies for the IL group in three situations145

Table 4-22：Sexual differences of request strategies for the CHN group in three situations146

Table 4-23：Sexual differences of request strategies in three situations146

Table 4-24：Comparison of three groups in the use of modification150

Table 4-25：Comparison of pre-modification of requests among three groups153

Table 4-26：Comparison of three groups in the use of tokens156

Table 4-27：S3.Notes(-SD,X=Y)158

Table 4-28：S12.Train(-SD,X＜Y)160

Table 4-29：S6.Policeman(+SD,X＞Y)162

Table 4-30：Comparison of three groups in request responses197

Table 4-31：Responses to requests in S5 ＆ S9(+D)situations by the AM group199

Table 4-32：Responses to requests in S5 ＆ S9(+D)situations by the IL group200

Table 4-33：Responses to requests in S5 ＆ S9(+D)situations by the CHN group200

Table 4-34：Responses to requests in S3 ＆ S12(-SD)situations by the AM group201

Table 4-35：Responses to requests in S3 ＆ S12(-SD)situations by the IL group201

Table 4-36：Responses to requests in S3 ＆ S12(-SD)situations by the CHN group202

Table 4-37：Responses to requests in S1 ＆ S3(X=Y)situations by the AM group203

Table 4-38：Responses to requests in S1 ＆ S3(X=Y)situations by the IL group203

Table 4-39：Responses to requests in S1 ＆ S3(X=Y)situations by the CHN group204

Table 4-40：Responses to requests in S4 ＆ S7(X＜Y)situations by the AM group204

Table 4-41：Responses to requests in S4 ＆ S7(X＜Y)situations by the IL group205

Table 4-42：Responses to requests in S4 ＆ S7(X＜Y) situations by the CHN group205

Table 4-43：Responses to requests in S6 ＆ S8(X＞Y)situations by the AM group206

Table 4-44：Responses to requests in S6 ＆ S8(X＞Y)situations by the IL206

Table 4-45：Responses to requests in S6 ＆ S8(X＞Y)situations by the CHN group207

Figures25

Fig.2-1：Different communicative styles25

Fig.2-2：An old lady or a young lady28

Fig.2-3：The pragmatic continuum:language-culture30

Fig.2-4：Speech act classification in terms of strategies38

Fig.2-5：Causal relation of acts41

Fig.2-6：Indirect commands with two responses50

Fig.2-7：Force dynamics model53

Fig.2-8：Classification of requestives55

Fig.2-9：Modifications of requests70

Fig.2-10：Principles and maxims of interaction80

Fig.2-11：Possible strategies for doing FTAs81

Fig.2-12：Scale of politeness89

Fig.4-1：Mapping of input to output in OT grammar180

Fig.4-2：Optimal choice of request strategies180

Fig.4-3：Grammaticalization process184

Fig.4-4：Apology classifications212

Fig.5-1：Comparison of compliment responding strategies between Americans and the Chinese228

Fig.5-2：Facial expressions241

Chapter 1 Introduction1

1.1 Orientation of the Title2

1.2 Motivations of the Present Study4

1.3 The Concept and Criteria of Requests6

1.4 Intonation of Speech Acts9

1.5 The Nature of the Present Study11

1.6 Propositional Opacity of Requests15

1.7 Methods16

1.8 The Aims and Hypotheses of the Present Study17

1.9 Layout and Scope of the Present Study19

1.10 Summary20

Chapter 2 Theoretical Background to the Contrastive Study of Requests in English and Chinese21

2.1 Introduction22

2.2 Pragmatics:Language Use in Contexts22

2.3 Cross-cultural Pragmatics24

2.4 Sociopragmatics29

2.5 Interlanguage Pragmatics31

2.6 Metapragmatics33

2.7 Interpersonal Relationship Studies36

2.8 Linguistic Strategies38

2.9 Speech Act Theories40

2.10 Direct and Indirect Speech Acts46

2.11 Direct ＆ Indirect Speech Acts and Politeness50

2.12 Empirically-based Cognitive Model of Speech Acts52

2.13 Request Classification and Request Strategies54

2.13.1 Request Classification54

2.13.2 Formal Means of Requests56

2.13.3 Structural Components of Requests63

2.13.4 Request Strategy:a Functional Perspective64

2.13.5 Modifications of Requests69

2.13.5.1 Internal Modifications70

2.13.5.2 External Modifications74

2.14 Politeness Theories77

2.15 Politeness of Requests85

2.16 Literature Review of Request Studies by Chinese Scholars90

2.17 Summary94

Chapter 3 Request Data Collection:Design and Methodology95

3.1 Introduction96

3.2 Examples of Requests in English and Chinese in the Actual Discourse96

3.3 Subjects and Procedure103

3.4 The Questionnaire105

3.4.1 The Discourse Completion Test105

3.4.2 Modifications of the DCT for the Present Study108

3.5 Summary110

Chapter 4 Analysis and Discussion of the Results112

4.1 Introduction113

4.2 Request Forms in English and Chinese113

4.2.1 Similarities114

4.2.2 Differences116

4.3 Situational Variations and Situational Sets in the Use of Strategies121

4.3.1 Situational Variations in the Use of Strategies121

4.3.1.1 The AM Group121

4.3.1.2 The IL Group123

4.3.1.3 The CHN Group124

4.3.2 Distribution of Main Request Strategy Categories in the Six Situation Sets126

4.3.3 Cross-cultural Differences in the Interaction130

4.3.4 Summary132

4.4 Major Variables in the Use of Request Strategy132

4.4.1 Social Distance and Dominance133

4.4.1.1 Social Distance134

4.4.1.2 Dominance136

4.4.2 Controllability of Acts139

4.4.2.1 High Controllability141

4.4.2.2 Low Controllability141

4.4.3 Age142

4.4.3.1 The Same Age143

4.4.3.2 The Younger to the Older143

4.4.3.3 The Older to the Younger143

4.4.3.4 Summary143

4.4.4 Sex145

4.4.4.1 The AM Group145

4.4.4.2 The IL Group145

4.4.4.3 The CHN Group146

4.4.4.4 Summary146

4.5 Modifications of Requests149

4.5.1 The AM Group149

4.5.2 The IL Group149

4.5.3 The CHN Group150

4.5.4 Summary150

4.6 Pre-modification of Requests151

4.6.1 The AM Group151

4.6.2 The IL Group152

4.6.3 The CHN Group152

4.6.4 Summary153

4.7 Tokens Used in the Requests among the Three Groups154

4.7.1 The AM Group155

4.7.2 The IL Group155

4.7.3 The CHN Group155

4.7.4 Summary155

4.8 Request Perspectives156

4.8.1 Introduction156

4.8.2 In Situation(-SD,X=Y)158

4.8.3 In Situation(-SD,X＜Y)159

4.8.4 In Situation(+SD,X＞Y)161

4.8.5 Summary163

4.9 Initiating Markers of Requests164

4.9.1 Address Form164

4.9.2 "Excuse me"and"Sorry"166

4.9.3 The Typical Request Markers"Please"and“请”168

4.9.3.1 The AM Group169

4.9.3.2 The IL Group170

4.9.3.3 The CHN Group171

4.9.3.4 Summary172

4.10 Other Inferring Strategies Used in the Requesting Action173

4.11 Special Strategies of Requests——A Metonymic Approach176

4.12 The Disease to Please177

4.13 Tentative Analyses of the Common Features of Request Production179

4.14 Responses to Requests192

4.14.1 Introduction192

4.14.2 The AM Group196

4.14.3 The IL Group196

4.14.4 The CHN Group197

4.14.5 Summary197

4.14.6 Social Distance,Dominance and Sex in the Responses199

4.14.6.1 Social Distance199

4.14.6.2 Dominance203

4.14.6.3 Sex208

4.15 Tentative Analyses of the Common Features of Request Responses209

4.16 From Requests to Apologies211

4.17 Summary213

Chapter 5 Conclusions214

5.1 Introduction215

5.2 Major Findings215

5.3 Tentative Analyses from the Cultural Perspective221

5.4 Chinese Politeness from Responding to Compliments226

5.5 Pragmatic Tact in Language Use228

5.6 Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure and Pragmatic Competence Development in the ForeignLanguage Teaching230

5.6.1 Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure231

5.6.2 Pragmatic Competence and its Teachability233

5.7 Speculations about the Weaknesses of this Study239

5.7.1 The C-constituting Model of Communication240

5.7.2 Nonverbal Language241

5.7.3 Sequences of Speech Acts242

5.7.4 Suggested Future Research Dimensions243

5.8 Conclusions244

Appendix Ⅰ：A Glossary in English and Chinese245

Appendix Ⅱ：Questionnaire of requests (the English version)255

Appendix Ⅲ：Questionnaire of requests(the Chinese version)258

Appendix Ⅳ：Idiomatic Expressions of Requests in English261

Appendix Ⅴ：Idiomatic Expressions of Requests in Chinese265

Appendix Ⅵ：Dr.Braiker's 21 Day Action Plan to Cure People-Pleasing Disease267

Bibliography271