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Introduction&Francesco Francioni and Natalino Ronzitti1

Ⅰ. SECURITY AND POLICY PERSPECTIVES11

1. Policy Prospects for Regulating Private Military and Security Companies&Eugenio Cusumano11

2. The Use of Private Contractors in the Fight against Piracy:Policy Options&Natalino Ronzitti37

Ⅱ. HUMAN RIGHTS55

3. The Role of Human Rights in the Regulation of Private Military and Security Companies&Federico Lenzerini and Francesco Francioni55

4. The Impact of the EU Human Rights System on Operations of Private Military and Security Companies&Ieva Kalnina and Ugis Zeltins80

5. The Role of the Home State in Ensuring Compliance with Human Rights by Private Military Contractors&Francesco Francioni93

6. Positive Human Rights Obligations of the Hiring State in Connection with the Provision of'Coercive Services' by a Private Military or Security Company&Carsten Hoppe111

7. Duties to Prevent, Investigate, and Redress Human Rights Violations by Private Military and Security Companies: The Role of the Host State&Christine Bakker130

8. Adjudicating Human Rights Violations Committed by Private Contractors in Conflict Situations before the European Court of Human Rights&Giulia Pinzauti149

9. The Right to Life and Self-defence of Private Military and Security Contractors in Armed Conflict&Guido den Dekker and Eric PJ Myjer171

Ⅲ. INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW197

10. Status of Private Military and Security Company Personnel in the Law of International Armed Conflict&Mirko Sossai197

11. Private Military and Security Contractors as 'Persons who Accompany the Armed Forces'&Giulio Bartolini218

12. Private Military and Security Companies in Non-international Armed Conflicts: Ins ad Bellum and Ius in Bello Issues&Luisa Vierucci235

13. Children's Rights: The Potential Impact of Private Military and Security Companies&Christine Bakker and Susanna Greijer262

14. Women and Private Military and Security Companies&Ana Filipa Vrdoljak280

15. Private Military and Security Companies and the EU's Crisis Management: Perspectives under Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law&Valentina Falco299

16. Old Concepts and New Challenges: Are Private Contractors the Mercenaries of the Twenty-first Century?&Marina Mancini, Faustin Z Ntoubandi, and Thilo Marauhn321

Ⅳ. ACCOUNTABILITY AND RESPONSIBILITY OF PRIVATE CONTRACTORS343

17. The Role of International Regulatory Initiatives on Business and Human Rights for Holding Private Military and Security Contractors to Account&Sorcha MacLeod343

18. Codes of Conduct for Private Military and Security Companies:The State of Self-regulation in the Industry&Carsten Hoppe and Ottavio Quirico362

19. Institutional Responsibility for Private Military and Security Companies&Nigel D White381

20. State Responsibility for Conduct of Private Military and Security Companies Violating Ius ad Bellum&Charlotte Beaucillon, Julian Fernandez, and Helene Raspail396

Ⅴ. CRIMINAL AND CIVIL LIABILITY OF PRIVATE MILITARY AND SECURITY COMPANIES AND THEIR EMPLOYEES423

21. The Criminal Responsibility of Private Military and Security Company Personnel under International Humanitarian Law&Ottavio Quirico423

22. Immunity for Private Military Contractors: Legal Hurdles or Political Snags?&Micaela Frulli448

23. Liability in Tort of Private Military and Security Companies: Jurisdictional Issues and Applicable Law&Andrea Atteritano470

Bibliography490

Index507