Principles of Food Toxicology2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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Section Ⅰ：Basics of toxicology connected to food1

Chapter 1 Introduction3

1.1 What is toxicology？3

1.2 Short history of toxicology5

1.3 Toxicity dose and response7

1.4 Interaction of toxic substances14

1.5 Classification of toxicants15

1.6 Some toxicology-related principles of cellular biology and biochemistry16

1.6.1 Structure of cellular membranes16

1.6.2 Transport of substances across biomembranes17

1.6.3 Receptors20

References22

Chapter 2 Routes of xenobiotics in an organism23

2.1 Entry and absorption of foreign compounds23

2.1.1 Digestive tract24

2.1.2 Lungs25

2.1.3 Skin26

2.2 Distribution of xenobiotics in an organism27

2.2.1 Blood supply and membrane barriers27

2.2.2 Binding of xenobiotics to charged particles28

2.2.3 Bioaccumulation of xenobiotics29

2.3 Metabolism of xenobiotics30

2.3.1 General principles30

2.3.2 Phase Ⅰ reactions33

2.3.2.1 Enzyme superfamily CYP33

2.3.2.2 Other enzymes，catalyzing oxidation34

2.3.2.3 Examples of phase Ⅰ reactions35

2.3.3 Phase Ⅱ reactions38

2.3.4 Induction and inhibition of metabolic enzymes42

2.3.4.1 Induction of enzymes42

2.3.4.2 Inhibition of enzymes44

2.3.5 Participation of enteric microflora in the metabolism of xenobiotics45

2.3.6 Influence of diet on metabolism46

2.4 Elimination of xenobiotics and their metabolites from organism47

2.4.1 Kidneys48

2.4.2 Liver49

2.4.3 Intestines50

2.4.4 Lungs50

2.5 Biomagnification51

2.6 Antidotes52

2.6.1 General methods52

2.6.2 Specific mechanisms of antidote action53

References54

Chapter 3 Toxic response55

3.1 Variability of toxic response55

3.2 Types of toxic response56

3.2.1 General principles56

3.2.2 Direct injury of a cell or tissue59

3.2.3 Biochemical damage60

3.2.4 Neurotoxicity61

3.2.5 Immunotoxicity62

3.2.6 Teratogenicity63

3.2.7 Genotoxicity and mutagenicity65

3.2.8 Carcinogenicity68

3.2.9 Endocrine disruption74

3.3 Molecular mechanisms of toxicity78

3.3.1 Disturbance of cell homeostasis78

3.3.2 Receptor-mediated mechanisms79

3.3.3 Other toxic effects mediated by cellular membranes81

3.3.4 Alteration of cell energetics82

3.3.5 Covalent binding to essential cellular macromolecules83

3.3.6 Oxidative stress83

3.3.7 Inhibition of DNA repair85

3.3.8 Multiple interorgan effects85

3.4 Biomarkers of toxic effect86

References89

Chapter 4 Analytical toxicology：Determination of foreign compounds91

4.1 General principles91

4.2 Hyphenated chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods92

4.3 Immunological methods for sample preparation and analysis96

4.3.1 Immunoaffinity columns96

4.3.2 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay97

References97

Chapter 5 Evaluation of toxicity of substances99

5.1 Epidemiological studies99

5.2 Animal tests101

5.2.1 General principles101

5.2.2 Organism-independent factors influencing compound toxicity105

5.2.2.1 Dependence on species105

5.2.2.2 Genetic variabilities106

5.2.2.3 Generic variabilities106

5.2.2.4 Dependence on age107

5.2.2.5 Dietary conditions108

5.2.2.6 Health conditions109

5.2.2.7 Simultaneous contact with several xenobiotics110

5.3 Cell culture tests110

5.4 Computer calculations112

5.5 Acute toxicity tests113

5.6 Subacute/subchronic toxicity tests114

5.7 Chronic toxicity tests：Acceptable daily intake115

5.8 Other toxicity tests116

References117

Chapter 6 Toxicological safety and risk analysis119

6.1 Toxicological safety119

6.2 Risk assessment120

6.2.1 Hazard identification：Principle of the three Rs121

6.2.2 Demonstration of a dose-response relationship122

6.2.3 Assessment of exposure124

6.2.4 Risk characterization124

References127

Chapter 7 Internet sources of toxicological information129

7.1 Pesticide residues129

7.2 Food additives130

7.3 Food allergens130

Reference130

Section Ⅱ Main groups of food-borne toxicants131

Chapter 8 Endogenous plant toxicants133

8.1 Lectins or hemagglutinins133

8.2 Enzyme inhibitors134

8.3 Alkaloids135

8.3.1 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids135

8.3.2 Solanine-group glycoalkaloids137

8.3.3 Xanthine alkaloids139

8.3.4 Ephedrine alkaloids141

8.4 Cyanogenic glucosides：Toxicity mechanism of HCN142

8.5 Phytoestrogens145

8.6 Glucosinolates146

8.7 Coumarin147

8.8 Thujones148

8.9 Anisatine150

8.10 Toxic amino acids150

8.11 Toxic lipids153

8.11.1 Erucic acid153

8.11.2 Sterculic and malvalic acids154

8.11.3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids154

8.12 Oxalates154

8.13 Fluoroacetates155

8.14 Bracken toxins156

8.15 Saponins157

8.16 Grayanotoxin159

8.17 Mushroom toxins160

8.17.1 General principles160

8.17.2 Amatoxins161

8.17.3 Muscarine163

8.17.4 Isoxazoles164

8.17.5 Other mushroom toxins165

References166

Chapter 9 Geochemical pollutants that plants absorb from soil169

9.1 Arsenic169

9.2 Selenium171

9.3 Fluorine173

References174

Chapter 10 Environmental pollutants177

10.1 Toxic chemical elements177

10.1.1 Mercury177

10.1.2 Lead179

10.1.3 Cadmium181

10.1.4 Chromium183

10.1.5 Copper184

10.1.6 Nickel185

10.2 Radionuclides185

10.3 Polychlorinated biphenyls187

10.4 Polychlorinated dibensodioxins and dibensofurans189

References193

Chapter 11 Mycotoxins195

11.1 Overview195

11.2 Aflatoxins195

11.3 Ochratoxins199

11.4 Sterigmatocystin200

11.5 Zearalenone201

11.6 Fumonisins202

11.7 Trichothecenes203

11.8 Patulin204

11.9 Citrinin and citreoviridin205

11.10 Ergot toxins206

11.11 Other mycotoxins207

11.12 Combined toxicity of mycotoxins207

References209

Chapter 12 Animal endogenous poisons211

12.1 Prions211

12.2 Lactose213

12.3 Phytanic acid214

12.4 Avidin214

12.5 Vitamins of animal origin214

References215

Chapter 13 Food toxins from sea217

13.1 Shellfish toxicants217

13.1.1 Paralytic shellfish poisoning217

13.1.2 Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning220

13.1.3 Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning222

13.1.4 Amnesic shellfish poisoning222

13.1.5 Microcystins and nodularins223

13.2 Fish toxins224

13.2.1 Tetrodotoxin224

13.2.2 Ciguatoxin226

References228

Chapter 14 Pesticide residues231

14.1 General principles231

14.2 Insecticides238

14.3 Herbicides238

14.4 Fungicides239

References239

Chapter 15 Veterinary drugs and feed additives241

15.1 Antibiotics241

15.2 Hormones242

15.3 Other veterinary drugs243

15.3.1 Coccidiostatics243

15.3.2 Anthelmintics244

15.3.3 β-agonists245

15.3.4 Glucocorticoids245

15.3.5 Thyreostatics245

References246

Chapter 16 Toxicants unintentionally entering food during processing，storage，and digestion247

16.1 General247

16.2 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons247

16.3 Alcohols250

16.4 Bacterial toxins252

16.4.1 Exotoxins255

16.4.1.1 Staphylococcus255

16.4.1.2 Clostridia256

16.4.1.3 Bacillus cereus259

16.4.1.4 Campylobacters260

16.4.1.5 Listeria260

16.4.2 Endotoxins261

16.5 Biogenic vasoactive amines263

16.5.1 Scombroid poisoning264

16.6 Nitrates，nitrites，and nitrosamines266

16.7 Acrylamide269

16.8 Chlorinated propanols270

16.9 Phthalates271

16.10 Bisphenols274

References274

Chapter 17 Food additives277

17.1 Traditional food additives277

17.1.1 General principles277

17.1.2 Colorants280

17.1.3 Sweeteners281

17.1.4 Preservatives283

17.1.5 Antioxidants283

17.2 Functional additives283

17.2.1 General principles283

17.2.2 Functional additive-drug interactions287

References288

Chapter 18 Vitamins291

18.1 General291

18.2 Vitamin A：Phenomenon of smokers292

18.3 Vitamin D295

18.4 Vitamin E295

18.5 Vitamin K297

18.6 Vitamin B2297

18.7 Vitamin B6298

18.8 Vitamin C298

18.9 Vitamin B3299

18.10 Diagnosing and therapy of vitamin intoxications299

References300

Chapter 19 Glossary301

Index313