THE REGISTRATION AND MONITORING OF SEX OFFENDERS A COMPARATIVE STUDY2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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1 Introduction1

Chapter outlines7

2 Registers - a source of 'tyranny and intimidation'?9

An early history of registration 1OEarly modern times (1500-1800)10

Nineteenthocentury registers13

A registration idea from Australia16

Tickets of leave the UK version17

The registration of convicted offenders in the UK18

A registration idea from British India20

The twentieth century and the new liberal state22

Registering the alien22

Conclusions23

3 Twentieth-century registration of the deviant, the dangerous and the offender25

Framing the sex crime25

Registration in Germany26

Registering criminals in the USA - an early example28

The UK's approach to child sex offenders in the 1930s31

Information on adults32

Children's registers33

Registers for people with mental health problems35

The US first wave" and the first sex offender registers36

'An age of complacency'?38

Conclusions39

4 Sex offender registers in the United States of America40

State initiatives on registration40

Developments in other states44

Federal laws on registration and community notification45

1994: The Jacob Wetterling Crimes against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act45

1996: 'Megan's Law'47

1996: The Pam Lychner Sexual Offender Tracking and Identification Act48

1998: The Jacob Wetterling Improvements Act49

2000: The Campus Sex Crimes Prevention Act49

2003: The Prosecutorial Remedies and other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children Today (PROTECT) Act50

2006: The Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act50

The Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act: requirements of the states50

The Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act: the federal role52

Implementing the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act54

2008: The Keeping the Internet Devoid of Sexual Predators Act (the KIDS Act)55

Other US developments55

Legal challenges to the US registers56

Conclusions57

5 The UK sex offender register59

Origins o fan idea59

'Sentencing and supervision of sex offenders'61

The Sex Offender Bill62

The Sex Offenders Act 199764

The register in practice64

The Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 200065

Multi-agency public protection arrangements66

'Where are they now?'68

The 2001 review68

The Sexual Offences Act 200369

2005: Managing Sex Offenders in the Community71

2005: The Irving Review72

2007: 'Cross government action plan on sexual violence and abuse'72

2007: Review of the Protection of Children from Sex Offenders73

CEOP and ViSOR74

2010: Restriction and rehabilitation: getting the right mix75

Legal challenges to the UK register76

Conclusions79

6 Registers around the world80

The Republic of Ireland80

France83

Jersey84

Canada86

Provincial registers86

The federal register87

Australia89

State and territories registers90

The federal register92

Pitcairn Island92

Republic of South Africa93

Kenya94

Jamaica95

Conclusions96

7 Sex offender registers in progress and cross-border monitoring97

Austria97

The Czech Republic97

Germany98

Belgium98

Hong Kong99

New Zealand100

Monitoring sex offenders across international borders102

Avoiding registration requirements102

New offending103

'Sexual tourism'104

Avoiding employment screening105

Monitoring the movement of the outbound sex offender106

Monitoring the movement of the inbound sex offender108

A bilateral arrangement.: tracking sex offenders moving between the Republic of lreland and Northern Ireland110

International sex offender registers112

Conclusions113

8 Community notification and residence restrictions114

Community notification or 'Megan's Law'114

Unofficial community notification118

The 'For Sarah' campaign120

Discretionary disclosure122

A 'presumption to disclose'124

Residential restrictions on sex offenders126

Sex offender residency restriction in the USA128

Sex offender residency restriction in the UK130

Conclusions131

9 Making sense of sex offender registers132

Introduction132

Maintaining the register132

Monitoring and enforcement134

Compliance and accuracy135

The impact of being on the register137

Relationships139

Harassment139

Stigmatisation and vulnerability141

Employment141

The question of privacy143

Monitoring those without convictions143

Registration and young sex offenders144

What is the evidence that registration and community notification works?146

Is registration just media led?148

Conclusions149

10 Conclusions151

Other methods of monitoring the sex offender151

Why sex offenders?153

From dangerousness to risk to the 'precautionary principle'153

Criminology of the 'other'155

Criminology of 'us'156

Surveillance studies158

Bibliography160

Index178