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Chapter 1 A Procedural Perspective in Law1

1.1 Law and Procedure4

1.2 Essential Properties of Legal Procedures6

1.2.1 The Legal Distinction Between Substance and Procedure6

1.2.1.1 Imprisonment as Procedure9

1.2.1.2 Non-enforceable Obligations Enforced:Specific Performance9

1.2.1.3 Calculation of Damages as Procedure11

1.2.1.4 Limitation Periods14

1.2.1.5 Equitable Remedies as Procedural Law15

1.2.1.6 Injunctions21

1.2.1.7 Public Policy Exceptions and Political Considerations22

1.2.1.8 Conclusions30

1.2.2 The Public Character of Procedures33

Chapter 2 Procedures in International Law35

2.1 Lack of Compulsory Procedures38

2.1.1 General Procedural Provisions in International Instruments40

2.1.2 Different Features Regarding Non-state Party Procedures46

2.2 Variety of Procedures49

2.3 National and International Legal Procedures54

2.3.1 National Procedural Law as International Law54

2.3.2 General Character of Procedures58

Chapter 3 The Quest and the Notion59

3.1 Aim of the Inquiry59

3.2 Empirical Approach59

3.3 Form and Contents,Procedures and Law61

Chapter 4 National Legal Procedures63

4.1 Jurisdiction64

4.2 Interest in International Jurisdiction68

4.3 Delineation in International Jurisdiction-General Principles68

4.3.1 The European Conventional Approach in Conflict70

4.3.1.1 Application of the Convention71

4.3.1.2 General Comment on the Application of the Convention75

4.3.1.3 Effect of the European Conventional System80

4.3.1.4 National Bases and Choice of Jurisdiction81

4.3.1.5 Forum Selection Under the European Rules;Italian Torpedoes83

4.3.2 The Effect of the European Approach Beyond Europe91

4.4 The Global System94

4.5 Basis of Jurisdiction in Different Countries116

4.5.1 Jurisdiction116

4.5.2 Service of Proceedings135

4.5.2.1 Hague Convention136

4.5.2.2 Council Regulation(EC)No 1348/2000136

4.5.2.3 Lugano Convention137

4.5.2.4 Noteworthy Domestic Provisions137

4.5.2.5 Security for Costs150

4.5.3 Recognition and Enforcement150

4.5.3.1 Noteworthy Domestic Provisions154

4.5.4 Conclusion155

Chapter 5 Limiting National Jurisdiction by Procedural Means157

5.1 Introduction157

5.2 Act of State161

5.3 Comity166

5.4 Executive Certificates174

5.5 Amicus Curiae Briefs181

Chapter 6 Substantive International Law Before National Fora185

6.1 Challenges in Applying International Law185

6.1.1 Unalterable Procedures of National Courts185

6.1.2 Conflict with the Floating Nature of International Law186

6.1.3 Procedural Effects188

6.2 Individual Applicants and Defendants191

6.2.1 The Incidental Nature of International Law or Direct Effect191

6.2.2 Indirect Application of International Law193

6.2.2.1 Sanctions193

6.2.2.1.1 UN Sanctions194

6.2.2.1.2 US Sanctions Internationally Applied203

6.2.2.2 Expropriation205

6.2.3 Individuals and States211

6.2.4 Locus Standi of the Individual214

6.2.4.1 Political Contexts214

6.2.4.2 Economic Interests219

6.2.4.3 Fundamental and Human Rights225

6.2.4.4 Diplomatic Protection230

6.2.4.5 Tort Claims Against States Before National Courts236

6.2.5 Proceedings by the Forum State238

6.2.5.1 Criminal Prosecution238

6.2.5.2 International Law as a Defence Before National Courts245

6.2.5.3 Extradition252

6.2.5.3.1 The Political Offence Exception252

6.2.5.3.2 The Rule Against Double Jeopardy255

6.2.5.3.3 The Rule of Specialty258

6.2.5.3.4 Appropriate Forum261

6.2.5.3.5 The European Arrest Warrant Procedure262

6.2.6 Suing Foreign States Before a National Forum264

6.2.6.1 The US Alien Tort Claims Act 1789264

6.2.6.2 Tort and Torture267

Chapter 7 International Legal Adjudication273

7.1 Limits275

7.1.1 Governing Agreements275

7.1.2 Political Nature275

7.1.3 No Binding Force or Stare Decisis Beyond the Parties276

7.1.4 Enforcement Issues276

7.2 Strengths of International Adjudication278

7.3 The International Court of Justice278

7.3.1 Jurisdiction and Proceedings279

7.3.2 Binding Force of Judgments and Enforcement Procedures280

7.3.3 Function and Labelling282

7.3.4 Character of an Arbitral Award283

7.3.5 Submission to Jurisdiction285

7.3.6 The UN and Individuals Before the ICJ286

7.4 The Court of the Commonwealth of Independent States287

7.5 Other International Adjudicative Bodies and Their Procedures288

7.5.1 The Effect of the Variety of International Adjudicating Bodies289

Chapter 8 Alternative Methods of Dispute Resolution295

8.1 The Means Listed in Article 33 of the UN Charter296

8.2 Diplomatic Means as a Form of ADR in International Law297

8.3 The Institutional Background of Diplomatic Settlement of Disputes299

8.4 Good Offices300

8.4.1 The UN Secretary General in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus301

8.4.2 The UN Secretary General in the"Rainbow Warrior"Case302

8.5 Arbitration and the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague304

Chapter 9 Conflicts Between Adjudicators Applying International Law309

9.1 An Emerging International Judicial System?309

9.2 The Relationship Between National and International Law-an Introduction312

9.3 Examples of Jurisdictional Conflicts314

9.3.1 The Attitude of Domestic Courts in the US314

9.3.2 Conflicts Between Treaty Provision and Contracts320

9.4 A Disintegrationist Approach325

9.4.1 The MOX Litigation325

9.4.2 The Bosphorous Litigation329

9.5 Methods of Regulating the Interaction Between International and National Courts337

9.5.1 Same Issues and Same Parties338

9.5.2 Choice of Forum Provisions340

9.5.3 A Possible Future Model for Jurisdiction-Regulating Rules340

Index343