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1 Sketch of the Evolution of the Idea for a World Organisation1

1 Idea of a World Organisation before the Twentieth Century1

2 Examples of Drafts2

3 Modern World Organisations3

2 From the League of Nations to the United Nations5

4 Historical Importance of the League of Nations5

5 Genetic Code of the League of Nations： The Transformation of War5

6 Fundamental Pillars of the Covenant of the League of Nations7

7 Provisions of the Covenant10

8 Similarities between the League of Nations and the United Nations10

9 Differences between the League of Nations and the United Nations11

10 Mechanisms in the Decline of the League of Nations13

11 Reasons for the Failure of the League of Nations15

12 Outcome19

3 The Establishment of the United Nations Organisation20

13 Dumbarton Oaks / Yalta20

14 San Francisco21

4 Phases in the History of the United Nations22

15 The Four Historical Phases of the United Nations22

5 General Layout of the Charter26

16 Structure of the Charter26

6 Ideological Manifesto of the Charter： Peace， Cooperation， Rights of the Human Person28

17 General Outline28

18 ‘Negative’ Peace and ‘Positive’ Peace29

19 Problem of Inadequate Means32

20 Political Ideology of the United Nations33

7 Fundamental Principles of the Charter34

21 Article 2 of the Charter34

22 Evolution from ‘Classical’ International Law to ‘Modern’ International Law35

A.Article 2 1： Sovereign Equality37

23 Contribution of Resolution 262537

24 Content of the Principle38

25 Equality in Law and Equality in Fact38

26 Equality as a Principle of Structure and Content39

27 Sovereignty Encased in Equality40

B.Article 2 2： Fulfilment of Obligations in Good Faith40

28 Aim of the Provision40

29 Internal and External Scope of the Obligation to Fulfil Obligations41

30 Limits of the Requirement to Respect Commitments41

31 Meaning of the Epithet ‘in Good Faith’42

32 Concrete Roles of the Rule contained in 243

C.Article 2 3： Peaceful Settlement of Disputes44

33 Link between Settlement of Disputes and the Non-use of Force44

34 Autonomy of the Settlement of Disputes in Relation to the Non-use of Force44

35 Contribution of Resolution 262546

36 Types of Dispute Envisaged in the Charter46

37 Requirement to Look for a Solution to a Dispute？48

D.From Article 2 3， to Chapter Ⅵ of the Charter： UN Contribution to the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes50

38 General Aspects of Chapter Ⅵ50

39 Scope of Application50

40 Referral of a Situation or Dispute53

41 Action55

42 Outcome61

E.Article 2 4： Prohibition of the Use of Force62

43 General Aspects62

44 Prohibition of Force and its Exceptions63

45 Developments of Article 2 4 contained in Resolution 262565

46 Analysis of Article 2 466

47 Self-defence72

48 Main Condition for the Exercise of Legitimate Self-defence： （Prior）Armed Attack73

49 Level of Intensity of the Armed Attack under Article 5176

F. From Article 2 4， to Chapter Ⅶ： The Maintenance of Peace through Collective Security77

50 General Aspects77

51 General Layout of Chapter Ⅶ79

52 Dominating Idea of a Strong Executive79

53 Article 39： The Keystone to the System80

54 Articles 41 and 42： Considerable Powers of the Council82

55 Article 4182

56 Article 4285

57 Sanctions Committees87

58 Residual Powers of the General Assembly： Resolution 377 （V） of 1950， ‘Dean Acheson’88

59 Operations for the Maintenance of Peace91

60 Outcome94

G.Article 2 7： Exclusive Domestic Jurisdiction and Non-intervention in Internal Affairs96

61 General Aspects96

H.Duty of State Cooperation99

62 Contribution of Resolution 262599

63 Scope of the Obligation100

I.Right of Self-determination of Peoples100

64 General Aspects100

65 Content of Resolution 2625101

66 ‘People’102

67 Limits to the Right to Self-determination104

68 Exercises of the Right to Self-determination104

8 Membership of the United Nations （Chapter Ⅱ， Articles 3—6）106

69 Membership of States only106

70 Founding Members and Subsequently Admitted Members107

71 From Discrimination to Universality108

72 Admission Procedure110

73 Specific Issues110

74 Expulsion from the United Nations111

75 Withdrawal from the United Nations113

9 Organs of the United Nations： Functions and Powers115

76 General Theory on the Powers of Organs of an International Organisation115

77 Outline of the Principal Organs of the United Nations120

A.General Assembly120

78 General Aspects120

79 Functions and Powers121

80 Voting126

81 Sessions127

82 Subsidiary Organs127

83 Human Rights Council129

B.Security Council133

84 General Aspects133

85 Composition134

86 Voting135

87 Council Measures138

88 Question of Security Council Reform139

C.Economic and Social Council142

89 Importance of ‘Functional Cooperation’142

90 Functions， Composition， Sessions， etc143

D.Trusteeship Council144

91 Functions and Powers144

E.International Court of Justice146

92 General Aspects146

93 Functions and Jurisdiction146

94 Execution of Judgments148

95 Activity of the Court149

96 Proposals for Reform150

F.Secretariat150

97 General Aspects150

98 Secretary-General151

99 Independence of United Nations Personnel152

G.Subsidiary Organs154

100 General Aspects154

101 Importance in Practice154

102 Peacebuilding Commission156

10 United Nations ‘Family’： Specialised Affiliated Organisations157

103 General Aspects157

104 Affiliation Mechanism158

105 Effects of Affiliation159

106 Panorama of Affliated Organisations160

11 Article 103 of the Charter161

107 General Aspects161

108 Obligations Envisaged161

109 Scope Ratione Personae164

110 Legal Effect165

12 Amendment and Revision of the Charter167

111 General Aspects167

112 Ordinary Amendments under Article 108168

113 Extraordinary Amendments under Article 109169

114 Informal Modifications170

13 Effectiveness of the United Nations172

115 How effective is the United Nations？172

Has the United Nations Failed？172

14 United Nations， the Forum and the Oracle175

Annex177

Covenant of the League of Nations177

Charter of the United Nations186

Select Bibliography211

Index241