语言学的人类学阐释 英文版2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

语言学的人类学阐释 英文版PDF格式电子书版下载

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1 The scope of linguistic anthropology1

1.1 Definitions2

1.2 The study of linguistic practices5

1.3 Linguistic anthropology and other disciplines in the humanities and social sciences10

1.3.1 Linguistic anthropology and sociolinguistics13

1.4 Theoretical concerns in contemporary linguistic anthropology14

1.4.1 Performance14

1.4.2 Indexicality17

1.4.3 Participation20

1.5 Conclusions21

2 Theories of culture23

2.1 Culture as distinct from nature24

2.2 Culture as knowledge27

2.2.1 Culture as socially distributed knowledge30

2.3 Culture as communication33

2.3.1 Lévi-Strauss and the semiotic approach33

2.3.2 Clifford Geertz and the interpretive approach36

2.3.3 The indexicality approach and metapragmatics37

2.3.4 Metaphors as folk theories of the world38

2.4 Culture as a system of mediation39

2.5 Culture as a system of practices43

2.6 Culture as a system of participation46

2.7 Predicting and interpreting47

2.8 Conclusions49

3 Linguistic diversity51

3.1 Language in culture:the Boasian tradition52

3.1.1 Franz Boas and the use of native languages52

3.1.2 Sapir and the search for languages' internal logic56

3.1.3 Benjamin Lee Whorf.worldviews,and cryptotypes57

3.2 Linguistic relativity60

3.2.1 Language as objectification of the world:from von Humboldt to Cassirer62

3.2.2 Language as a guide to the world:metaphors64

3.2.3 Color terms and linguistic relativity65

3.2.4 Language and science67

3.3 Language,languages,and linguistic varieties69

3.4 Linguistic repertoire71

3.5 Speech communities,heteroglossia,and language ideologies72

3.5.1 Speech community:from idealization to heteroglossia72

3.5.2 Multilingualspeech communities76

3.5.3 Definitions of speech community79

3.6 Conclusions83

4 Ethnographic methods84

4.1 Ethnography84

4.1.1 What is an ethnography?85

4.1.1.1 Studying people in communities88

4.1.2 Ethnographers as cultural mediators91

4.1.3 How comprehensive should an ethnography be?Complementarity and collaboration in ethnographic research95

4.2 Two kinds of field linguistics98

4.3 Participant-observation99

4.4 Interviews102

4.4.1 The cultural ecology of interviews103

4.4.2 Different kinds of interviews106

4.5 Identifying and using the local language(s)110

4.6 Writing interaction113

4.6.1 Taking notes while recording115

4.7 Electronic recording116

4.7.1 Does the presence of the camera affect the interaction?117

4.8 Goals and ethics of fieldwork119

4.9 Conclusions121

5 Transcription:from writing to digitized images122

5.1 Writing123

5.2 The word as a unit of analysis126

5.2.1 The word as a unit of analysis in anthropological research129

5.2.2 The word in historical linguistics130

5.3 Beyond words132

5.4 Standards of acceptability134

5.5 Transcription formats and conventions137

5.6 Visual representations other than writing144

5.6.1 Representations of gestures145

5.6.2 Representations of spatial organization and148

participants'visual access150

5.6.3 Integrating texts,drawings,and images151

5.7 Translation154

5.8 Non-native speakers as researchers160

5.9 Summary161

6 Meaning in Iinguistic forms162

6.1 The formal method in linguistic analysis162

6.2 Meaning as relations among signs164

6.3 Some basic properties of linguistic sounds166

6.3.1 The phoneme168

6.3.2 Etic and emic in anthropology172

6.4 Relationships of contiguity:from phonemes to morphemes174

6.5 From morphology to the framing of events178

6.5.1 Deep cases and hierarchies of features181

6.5.2 Framing events through verbal morphology188

6.5.3 The topicality hierarchy191

6.5.4 Sentence types and the preferred argument structure192

6.5.5 Transitivity in grammar and discourse193

6.6 The acquisition of grammar in language socialization studies197

6.7 Metalinguistic awareness:from denotational meaning to198

pragmatics199

6.7.1 The pragmatic meaning of pronouns202

6.8 From symbols to indexes204

6.8.1 Iconicity in languages205

6.8.2 Indexes,shifters,and deictic terms207

6.8.2.1 Indexical meaning and the linguistic construction of gender209

6.8.2.2 Contextualization cues211

6.9 Conclusions213

7 Speaking as social action214

7.1 Malinowski:language as action215

7.2 Philosophical approaches to language as action218

7.2.1 From Austin to Searle:speech acts as units of analysis219

7.2.1.1 Indirect speech acts226

7.3 Speech act theory and linguistic anthropology227

7.3.1 Truth229

7.3.2 Intentions231

7.3.3 Local theory of person233

7.4 Language games as units of analysis236

7.5 Conclusions243

8 Conversational exchanges245

8.1 The sequential nature of conversational units247

8.1.1 Adjacency pairs250

8.2 The notion of preference259

8.2.1 Repairs and corrections261

8.2.2 The avoidance of psychological explanation263

8.3 Conversation analysis and the "context" issue264

8.3.1 The autonomous claim267

8.3.2 The issue of relevance271

8.4 The meaning of talk275

8.5 Conclusions277

9 Units of participation280

9.1 The notion of activity in Vygotskian psychology281

9.2 Speech events:from functions of speech to social units284

9.2.1 Ethnographic studies of speech events290

9.3 Participation294

9.3.1 Participant structure294

9.3.2 Participation frameworks295

9.3.3 Participant frameworks307

9.4 Authorship,intentionality,and the joint construction of interpretation314

9.5 Participation in time and space:human bodies in the built environment321

9.6 Conclusions328

10 Conclusions331

10.1 Language as the human condition331

10.2 To have a language332

10.3 Public and private language334

10.4 Language in culture336

10.5 Language in society337

10.6 What kind of language?338

Appendix:Practical tips on recording interaction340

References348

Name index387

Subject index393