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Chapter 1 Introduction to Power Plant Chemistry1

1.1 Introduction of Steam Chemistry Systems1

1.2 Main Contents of Power Plant Chemistry2

1.3 Chemistry Requirement for Power Plant3

1.4 Feedwater and Boiler Water Treatment6

Chapter 2 High-Purity Makeup Water Treatment8

2.1 Introduction8

2.2 Pretreatment8

2.3 High-Purity Makeup Treatment Methods32

2.4 Regeneration and Co-current/countercurrent Systems36

2.5 Demineralizer Performance Calculations39

2.6 System Design Calculations41

2.7 Mixed-bed Polishing42

2.8 Demineralizer Component Fundamentals43

2.9 Packed-bed Demineralizers44

2.10 Reverse Osmosis45

2.11 Electrodialysis and Electrodialysis Reversal50

2.12 Electrodeionization51

Chapter 3 Corrosion and Prevention of Metal Materials53

3.1 Introduction53

3.2 Oxygen Corrosion in Thermal Devices56

3.3 Acidic Corrosion of Thermal Devices60

3.4 Stress Corrosion of Thermal Devices63

3.5 Corrosion by Enriched Medium in Boiler66

3.6 Corrosion and Prevention of Copper Alloy71

3.7 Chemical Cleaning76

Chapter 4 Condensate Feedwater Chemistry82

4.1 Introduction82

4.2 Condensate/Feedwater System Construction Materials82

4.3 Condensate Chemistry Dissolved Oxygen83

4.4 Mechanical Removal of Dissolved Oxygen and Other Gases84

4.5 Chemical Control of Dissolved Oxygen85

4.6 Flow-accelerated Corrosion88

4.7 Copper Alloy Corrosion and Preventive Measures89

4.8 Additional Corrosion Control Requirements90

4.9 Oxygenated Treatment91

4.10 Feedwater Chemistry Guidelines92

4.11 Chemical Feed Systems94

4.12 Monitoring and Control of Condensate Contaminants96

4.13 Condensate Polishing and Treatment of Condensate97

Chapter 5 Boiler Water Chemistry100

5.1 Introduction100

5.2 Drum-type Boiler Design100

5.3 Once-through Steam Generation102

5.4 Boiler Water Contamination103

5.5 Boiler Water Treatment Programs105

5.6 Phosphate Hideout107

5.7 Altemative Phosphate and Nonphosphate Programs108

5.8 Heat Recovery Steam Generation111

Chapter 6 Steam Chemistry113

6.1 Introduction113

6.2 Primary Carryover Products113

6.3 Mechanical Carryover115

6.4 Vaporous Carryover116

6.5 Solids Introduction by Contaminated Attemperator Water117

6.6 Superheater Exfoliation117

6.7 Water Chemistry Limits to Prevent Steam Contamination by Carryover118

6.8 Boiler Water Chemistry Guidelines for Control of Steam Chemistry119

6.9 Steam Chemistry Monitoring119

6.10 Steam Chemistry Issues at Industrial Plants without Turbine120

Chapter 7 Chemistry Sampling121

7.1 Introduction121

7.2 The Need for Sampling122

7.3 Sample Point Selection124

7.4 Cogeneration/Combined Cycle/Industrial Plant Sampling127

7.5 Techniques to Obtain Representative Samples127

7.6 Data Acquisition131

Appendix Ⅰ Glossary of Chemistry in Fossil/Nuclear Power Plant133

Appendix Ⅱ Glossary of Materials in Power Plant137

References138