FORMS OF RESPONSIBILITY IN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW PRACTITIONER LIBRAR2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

FORMS OF RESPONSIBILITY IN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW PRACTITIONER LIBRARPDF格式电子书版下载

注意：本站所有压缩包均有解压码： 点击下载压缩包解压工具

1 Introduction1

1.1 Forms of responsibility in international criminal law1

1.2 Scope of this book and terminology used4

2 Joint criminal enterprise7

2.1 Origins and development of Joint Criminal Enterprise in the jurisprudence of the ad hoc Tribunals10

2.2 Limited application of JCE in the ICTR28

2.3 Elements of Joint Criminal Enterprise33

2.3.1 Physical elements34

2.3.1.1 The JCE consisted of a plurality of persons: first physical element35

2.3.1.2 Common plan, design, or purpose: second physical element37

2.3.1.3 The accused participated in the JCE: third physical element44

2.3.2 Mental elements51

2.3.2.1 Mental elements of the first category of JCE51

2.3.2.1.1 Voluntary participation51

2.3.2.1.2 Shared intent52

2.3.2.2 Mental elements of the second category of JCE57

2.3.2.2.1 Personal knowledge57

2.3.2.2.2 Intent to further criminal purpose59

2.3.2.2.3 Shared intent for specific-intent crimes67

2.3.2.3 Mental elements of the third category of JCE68

2.3.2.3.1 Intent to participate and further criminal purpose68

2.3.2.3.2 Accused's anticipation of natural nd foreseeable commission of charged crime70

2.4 The Brdanin Trial Judgement: reining in the expansion of JCE?84

2.4.1 The Brdanin Trial Judgement85

2.4.2 Warning signs before the Brdanin Trial Judgement89

2.4.3 Precedent considered in the Brdanin Trial Judgement93

2.4.4 Post-Brdanin jurisprudence96

2.4.5 Assessing the impact of Brdanin103

2.5 Indirect co-perpetration: a new form of common-purpose liability?104

2.5.1 The Stakic Trial Judgement105

2.5.2 The prosecutor's response to the Brdanin and Stakic Trial Judgements109

2.5.3 The March 2006 Milutinovic decision112

2.5.4 The Stakic Appeal Judgement114

2.5.5 The Gacumbitsi Appeal Judgement116

2.5.6 Assessing the impact of Milutinovic, Stakic and Gacumbitsi121

2.6 Joint Criminal Enterprise and its analogues in the International Criminal Court and internationalised tribunals124

2.6.1 The International Criminal Court124

2.6.2 The Internationalised Tribunals128

2.6.2.1 Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL)128

2.6.2.2 East Timor: Special Panels for Serious Crimes (SPSC)133

2.6.2.3 The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)136

2.6.2.4 Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal (SICT), formerly known as the Iraqi Special Tribunal (1ST)137

2.7 Conclusion140

3 Superior responsibility142

3.1 Origins and development of the superior responsibility doctrine145

3.1.1 The roots of the superior responsibility doctrine145

3.1.2 Developments subsequent to the Second World War148

3.1.3 Historical evolution of the elements of superior responsibility152

3.1.3.1 Historical evolution of the subordinate-superior relationship element152

3.1.3.1.1 Post-Second World War cases153

3.1.3.1.2 Additional protocols157

3.1.3.1.3 Statutes of the ad hoc Tribunals158

3.1.3.2 Historical evolution of the mental element159

3.1.3.2.1 Post-Second World War cases159

3.1.3.2.2 Additional protocols167

3.1.3.2.3 The Kahan Report (Israeli Commission of Inquiry)168

3.1.3.2.4 The Statutes of the ad hoc Tribunals169

3.1.3.2.5 ICC Statute169

3.1.3.3 Historical evolution of the 'necessary and reasonable measures' element170

3.1.3.3.1 Post-Second World War cases: 'necessary and reasonable measures'170

3.1.3.3.2 Post-Second World War cases: duty to prevent as a separate duty?172

3.1.3.3.3 Additional protocols173

3.2 Elements of superior responsibility174

3.2.1 Elements181

3.2.1.1 A superior-subordinate relationship existed between the accused and the person for whose criminal conduct he is alleged to be responsible181

3.2.1.2 The accused knew or had reason to know that the criminal conduct in question was about to be, was being, or had been realised by one or more subordinates200

3.2.1.2.1 Actual knowledge: first alternative mental element203

3.2.1.2.2 Constructive knowledge: second alternative mental element205

3.2.1.3 The accused failed to take the necessary and reasonable measures to prevent or punish the subordinate criminal conduct in question221

3.2.1.3.1 Common sub-element for the failure to prevent and the failure to punish224

3.2.1.3.2 First form of superior responsibility: the failure to prevent227

3.2.1.3.3 Second form of superior responsibility: the failure to punish229

3.3 The scope of the subordinate criminal conduct that may give rise to superior responsibility237

3.4 Superior responsibility in the International Criminal Court and internationalised tribunals252

3.4.1 The International Criminal Court252

3.4.1.1 A bifurcated standard253

3.4.1.2 Mental element: a higher standard for civilian superiors258

3.4.1.3 Causation260

3.4.1.4 Past crimes and independent obligations262

3.4.2 The internationalised tribunals264

3.4.2.1 Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL)264

3.4.2.2 East Timor: Special Panels for Serious Crimes (SPSC)268

3.4.2.3 The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)271

3.4.2.4 Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal (SICT)272

3.5 Conclusion274

4 Complicity and aiding and abetting278

4.1 The modes of participation in genocide: inchoate crimes or forms of responsibility?280

4.2 The relationship between 'aiding and abetting genocide' and 'complicity in genocide'291

4.3 Elements of aiding and abetting303

4.3.1 Physical elements304

4.3.1.1 Practical assistance, encouragement, or moral support: first physical element305

4.3.1.1.1 The accused lent practical assistance, encouragement, or moral support to the physical perpetrator in committing a crime305

4.3.1.1.2 The accused may aid and abet by mere presence at the scene of the crime307

4.3.1.1.3 Does a form of responsibility known as 'aiding and abetting by omission' exist in international criminal law?310

4.3.1.1.4 The accused may aid and abet in the planning, preparation, or execution of a crime, and before, during, or after the crime of the physical perpetrator315

4.3.1.1.5 The accused need not be physically present when the physical perpetrator commits the crime316

4.3.1.2 Substantial effect: second physical element317

4.3.1.2.1 The practical assistance, encouragement, or moral support had a substantial effect on the commission of the crime by the physical perpetrator317

4.3.2 Mental elements319

4.3.2.1 Intentional action319

4.3.2.1.1 The accused acted intentionally with knowledge or awareness that his act would lend assistance, encouragement, or moral support to the physical perpetrator319

4.3.2.2 Awareness of crime321

4.3.2.2.1 The accused was aware of the essential elements of the physical perpetrator's crime, including the perpetrator's mental state321

4.3.2.3 The requisite intent of the accused aider and abettor for specific-intent crimes324

4.4 Elements of complicity in genocide327

4.4.1 Practical assistance, encouragement, or moral support: first physical element328

4.4.1.1 The accused lent practical assistance, encouragement, or moral support to the physical perpetrator in committing a crime328

4.4.2 Substantial effect: second physical element328

4.4.2.1 The practical assistance, encouragement, or moral support had a substantial effect on the commission of the crime by the physical perpetrator328

4.4.3 Mental elements: intentional action and awareness of crime 329 4.4.3.1 The accused acted intentionally, and was aware of the essential elements of the crime of genocide, including the perpetrator's mental state329

4.5 Complicity and aiding and abetting in the International Criminal Court and internationalised tribunals330

4.5.1 The International Criminal Court330

4.5.2 The internationalised tribunals334

4.5.2.1 Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL)334

4.5.2.2 East Timor: Special Panels for Serious Crimes (SPSC)336

4.5.2.3 The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)337

4.5.2.4 Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal (SICT)339

4.6 Conclusion341

5 Planning, instigating and ordering343

5.1 Evolution of the elements of planning, instigating and ordering in the jurisprudence of the ad hoc tribunals344

5.2 Elements of planning354

5.2.1 Design of conduct with intent or awareness of substantial likelihood354

5.2.2 Substantial contribution357

5.3 Elements of instigating358

5.3.1 Prompting of conduct with intent or awareness of substantial likelihood358

5.3.2 Substantial contribution362

5.4 Elements of ordering364

5.4.1 Instruction to engage in conduct with intent or awareness of substantial likelihood364

5.4.2 Authority of accused367

5.4.3 Direct and substantial contribution370

5.5 Planning, instigating and ordering in the International Criminal Court and internationalised criminal tribunals371

5.5.1 The International Criminal Court371

5.5.2 The internationalised tribunals373

5.5.2.1 Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL)373

5.5.2.2 East Timor: Special Panels for Serious Crimes (SPSC)376

5.5.2.3 The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)377

5.5.2.4 Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal (SICT)378

5.6 Conclusion379

6 Concurrent convictions and sentencing381

6.1 Choosing among forms of responsibility382

6.1.1 Concurrent convictions pursuant to more than one Article 7/6(1) form of responsibility388

6.1.2 Concurrent convictions pursuant to Article 7/6( 1) and Article 7/6(3)393

6.2 Forms of responsibility and sentencing406

7 Conclusion415

7.1 Innovations in the law on forms of responsibility in the ad hoc Tribunals416

7.2 The ad hoc Tribunals' emphasis on 'commission' liability419

7.3 Limitations on trial chamber discretion in choosing forms of responsibility423

7.4 The future development of the law on forms of responsibility424

Annex: Elements of forms of responsibility in international criminal law426

Index430