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CONTENTS1

Chapter Ⅰ Introduction：Grammar and Usage1

1.1 What Is Grammar？1

1.2 Grammatical Rules Are Subject to Change2

1.3 Grammar and Usage4

Chapter Ⅱ Word,Morpheme and Word-Formation8

2.1 Words and Morphemes8

2.2 Word-Formation9

1）The Development of Word-Formation9

2）Ways of Word-Formation11

Chapter Ⅲ General Remarks on Parts of Speech and Members of the Sentence23

3.1 Parts of Speech23

3.2 Members of the Sentence26

3.3 The Sentence27

3.4 Kinds of Sentence30

Chapter Ⅳ Basic Sentence Patterns32

4.1 General Remarks32

4.2 Basic Sentence Patterns34

4.3 Transformational Relations Between the Basic Patterns38

Patterns into the Interrogative44

4.4 Transformation of the Basic Sentence44

4.5 Transformation of the Affirmative into the Negative46

4.6 Enlargement of the Basic Sentence Patterns48

Chapter Ⅴ The Noun（Ⅰ）Classification and Function52

5.1 Classification of Nouns52

5.2 Characteristic Features of the Noun57

Chapter Ⅵ The Noun（Ⅱ）Number62

6.1 Numbers62

6.2 Formation of the Plural Number62

6.3 Form and Meaning of Number in the Noun65

7.1 General Remarks77

Chapter Ⅷ The Noun（Ⅲ）Case77

7.2 Formation of the Genitive Case78

7.3 Use of the Genitive Case79

7.4 Comparison of the Uses of the's Form and of Construction80

7.5 Elliptical Genitive86

7.6 The Double Genitive87

Chapter Ⅷ The Article91

8.1 General Remarks91

8.2 Meaning and Basic Uses of the Indefinite Article95

Article99

8.3 Some other Uses of the Indefinite99

8.4 Meaning and Basic Use of the Definite Article104

8.5 The Use of Definite Article with Some Proper Names108

8.6 The Use of Zero Article109

8.7 The Omission of the Article113

Chapter Ⅸ The Pronoun（Ⅰ）Personal Pronouns-Relative Pronouns117

9.1 Introductory Remarks117

9.2 Personal Pronouns120

9.3 Possessive pronouns128

9.4 Reflexive Pronouns130

9.5 Reciprocal Pronouns132

9.6 Demonstrative Pronouns134

9.7 Interrogative Pronouns136

9.8 Relative Pronouns141

Chapter Ⅹ The Pronoun（Ⅱ）Indefinite Pronouns146

10.1 Groups of Indefinite Pronouns146

10.2 Group One146

10.3 Group Two153

10.4 Group Three156

11.1 Cardinals and Ordinals165

Chapter Ⅺ The Numeral165

11.2 Uses of the Cardinals and Ordinals167

11.3 Some Remarks on the use of the170

Cardinals and Ordinals170

11.4 Fractional Numerals171

11.5 Decimals172

11.6 Expressions of Time,Date,Various Kinds of Numbers,Ratios and Roots173

11.7 Expressions of Addition,Substraction,Multiplication and Division175

11.8 Some other Numerical Expressions176

12.2 Classes of Verbs181

Chapter ⅩⅡ The Verb（Ⅰ）Classification and Basic Forms181

12.1 General Remarks181

12.3 Finite and Non-finite Forms of the Verb187

12.4 The Four Basic Forms of the Verb188

12.5 Regular and Irregular Verbs189

Chapter ⅩⅢ The Verb（Ⅱ）Tense and Aspect198

13.1 Time,Tense and Aspect198

13.2 Use of Tenses199

13.3 Use of Continuous Aspects206

13.4 Use of Perfect Aspects213

13.5 Use of perfect Continuous Aspects220

13.6 The Future Time223

Chapter ⅩⅣ The verb（Ⅲ）Lexical Aspect223

14.1 What Is Lexical Aspect？223

13.7 The past F？ture Time231

14.2 Classification of the Lexical Aspects234

14.3 Significance in Comprehension of the Aspective Force243

Chapter ⅩⅤ The Verb（Ⅳ）Voice253

15.1 The Active and the Passive253

15.2 The Use of the Voice253

15.3 Active-Passive Transformation258

15.4 Multi-Word Verbs to Be Used in the Passive261

15.5 Quasi-Passives263

15.6 Tenses in the Passive266

Chapter ⅩⅥ The verb（Ⅴ）Transformational Relation Between Intransitives and Transitives267

16.1 Introductory Remarks267

16.2 Intransitives Converted from Transitives268

16.3 Some Subtle Distinction Between the Passive Form and the Intransitive272

16.4 Transitives Converted from Intransitives274

Chapter ⅩⅦ The Verb（Ⅵ）Mood279

17.1 General Remarks279

17.2 Subjunctive in Conditional Sentences280

17.3 Subjunctive in Some Other Kind of Conditionals286

17.4 Subjunctive in Some Subordinate Clauses288

17.5 Subjunctive in Some Other Cases,Mainly in Simple Sentences293

Chapter ⅩⅧ The Verb（Ⅷ）Primary Auxiliaries296

18.1 General Remarks296

18.2 Be297

18.3 Have300

18.4 Do303

19.1 General View306

Chapter ⅩⅨ The Verb（Ⅷ）Modal Auxiliaries306

19.2 Can（Could）,May（Might）307

19.3 Must,Have to313

19.4 Ought316

19.5 Shall317

19.6 Should321

19.7 Will,Would322

19.8 Dare,Need324

Appendix Ⅰ：Grammatical Terms Used in This Volume327

（1—4）337

Chapter Ⅰ Introduction：Grammar and Usage337

［Ⅰ］Exercises337

Appendix Ⅱ：Exerises with Key337

Chapter Ⅱ Word,Morpheme and Word-Formation（5—8）339

Chapter Ⅲ General Remarks on Parts of Speeh and Members of the Sentence（9—11）343

Chapter Ⅳ Basic Sentence Patterns（12—15）346

Chapter Ⅴ The Noun（Ⅰ）Classification and Function（16—20）350

Chapter Ⅵ The Noun（Ⅱ）Number（21—24）353

Chapter Ⅶ　The Noun（Ⅲ）Case（25—27）356

Chapter Ⅶ　The Article（28—31）358

Chapter Ⅸ The Pronoun（Ⅰ）Personal Pronouns——Relative Pronouns（32—36）363

Chapter Ⅹ The Pronoun（Ⅱ）Indefinite Pronouns（37—40）367

Chapter Ⅺ The Numeral（41—44）370

Chapter ⅩⅡ The Verb（Ⅰ）Classification and Basic Forms（45—48）372

Chapter ⅩⅢ The Verb（Ⅱ）Tense and Aspect（49—55）377

Chapter ⅩⅣ The Verb（Ⅲ）Lexical Aspect（56—57）386

Chapter ⅩⅤ The Verb（Ⅳ）Voice（58—61）388

Chapter ⅩⅥ The Verb（Ⅴ）Transformational Relation Between Intransitives and Transitives（62—64）391

Chapter ⅩⅦ The Verb（Ⅵ）Mood（65—67）394

Chapter ⅩⅧ The Verb（Ⅶ）Primary Auxiliaries（68—69）397

Chapter ⅩⅨ The Verb（Ⅷ）Modal Auxiliares（70—72）399

Chapter Ⅰ（1—4）402

［Ⅱ］Key402

Chapter Ⅱ（5—8）406

Chapter Ⅲ（9—11）410

Chapter Ⅳ（12—15）413

Chapter Ⅴ（16—20）416

Chapter Ⅵ（21—24）418

Chapter Ⅶ（25—27）422

Chapter Ⅷ（28—31）424

Chapter Ⅸ（32—36）427

Chapter Ⅹ（37—40）430

Chapter Ⅺ（41—44）432

Chapter ⅩⅡ（45—48）436

Chapter ⅩⅢ（49—55）438

Chapter ⅩⅣ（56—57）443

Chapter ⅩⅤ（58—61）445

Chapter ⅩⅥ（62—64）448

Chapter ⅩⅦ（65—67）449

Chapter ⅩⅧ（68—69）451

Chapter ⅩⅨ（70一72）453