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Chapter 1 Discourse and Discourse Analysis1

1.1 What Is Meant by"Discourse"?1

1.1.1 Terminology:Discourse/Text3

1.1.2 Discourse and Grammar5

1.1.3 Discourse and Sentence6

1.1.4 Discourse in Context7

1.1.5 Discourse as Verbal Structure8

1.1.6 Discourse as Action and Interaction in Society10

1.1.7 Seven Criteria for Textuality13

1.2 What Is Meant by"Discourse Analysis"?16

1.2.1 The Origins of Discourse Analysis20

1.2.2 The Scope of Discourse Analysis21

1.2.3 Principles of Discourse Analysis22

1.2.4 Major Approaches to Discourse Analysis24

Chapter 2 Linguistic Forms and Functions27

2.1 Language Functions27

2.1.1 Halliday's Theory of Metafunctions27

2.1.2 Jakobson's Macro-function29

2.1.3 Brown and Yule's Conception30

2.2 Spoken Discourse31

2.3 Conversation32

2.3.1 Rules of Turn-taking32

2.3.2 Strategies of Turn-taking33

2.3.3 Adjacency Pairs37

2.3.4 The Cooperative Principle39

2.3.5 Violation of the Maxims41

2.4 Written Discourse44

2.4.1 Types of Written Discourse45

2.4.2 The Patterns in Written Discourse47

2.5 Distinctions Between Spoken Discourse and Written Discourse48

2.5.1 Differences in the Manner of Production and Reception48

2.5.2 Differences in Form50

2.5.3 Differences in Function51

2.5.4 Differences in Linguistic Characteristics52

Chapter 3 Discourse Structure55

3.1 The Linearization Problem56

3.2 Information Structure58

3.3 Thematization and Staging62

3.3.1 Thematization62

3.3.2 Staging63

3.4 Rank Structure64

3.4.1 Lesson66

3.4.2 Transaction66

3.4.3 Exchange67

3.4.4 Move67

3.4.5 Act68

3.5 Narration68

3.5.1 The Concept of Narration68

3.5.2 The Labov Model69

3.5.3 Analyzing a Narrative Discourse70

3.6 Argumentation78

3.6.1 The Concept of Argumentation78

3.6.2 The Basic Reasoning Pattern in Argumentation79

3.6.3 The Basic Structure of Argumentation81

3.6.4 Analyzing an Argumentative Discourse82

Chapter 4 Cohesion and Coherence in Discourse88

4.1 Cohesion88

4.1.1 Text and Texture88

4.1.2 Cohesion and Cohesive Ties89

4.1.3 Classification of Cohesive Ties89

4.2 Coherence117

4.2.1 Topics in Discourse119

4.2.2 General Knowledge121

4.2.3 Principle of Analogy122

4.2.4 Speech Act123

4.2.5 Conversational Implicature124

Chapter 5 Discourse Context126

5.1 Notions of Context126

5.1.1 From the Perspective of Linguistics126

5.1.2 From the Perspective of Culture136

5.1.3 From the Perspective of Cognition143

5.2 Functions of Context149

5.2.1 Restrictive Function149

5.2.2 Explanatory and Filtering Function151

5.2.3 Designing Function154

Chapter 6 Discourse,Culture and Society155

6.1 Discourse and Culture155

6.1.1 Definitions of Culture158

6.1.2 Culture as Knowledge162

6.1.3 Culture as Communication164

6.1.4 Culture as Behavior166

6.1.5 Culture as a System of Practices167

6.1.6 Discourse in Culture and Culture in Discourse169

6.1.7 Speech Communities172

6.1.8 Discourse Communities173

6.2 Discourse and Society177

6.2.1 Discourse in Society and Society in Discourse178

6.2.2 Discourse and Power180

6.2.3 Discourse and Ideology186

Chapter 7 Discourse and Cognition191

7.1 Discourse Comprehension191

7.1.1 World Knowledge193

7.1.2 Top-down and Bottom-up Processing194

7.1.3 Knowledge Structure:Schemata,Frames and Scripts195

7.2 Social Cognition201

7.2.1 Mentalist Social Cognition203

7.2.2 Sociocultural Cognition207

7.3 Cognition and Cognitive Models210

7.3.1 Cognition210

7.3.2 Categorization212

7.3.3 Prototypes and Prototype Effects214

7.3.4 Idealized Cognitive Models(ICMs)216

7.3.5 Cognitive Models of Discourse Comprehension225

Chapter 8 How to Analyze Discourse230

8.1 Stage One:Research Questions230

8.2 Stage Two:Sample Selection231

8.3 Stage Three:Collection of Records and Documents232

8.4 Stage Four:Interviews232

8.5 Stage Five:Transcription233

8.6 Stage Six:Coding233

8.7 Stage Seven:Analysis234

8.8 Stage Eight:Validation234

8.9 Stage Nine:The Report236

8.10 Stage Ten:Application236

Bibliography238