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Part Ⅰ. Introduction&Silke von Lewinski1

Part Ⅱ. Indigenous Peoples, Indigenous Knowledge and Indigenous Resources in International Law&Peter-Tobias Stoll and Anja von Hahn5

Section 1. Indigenous Peoples in International Law5

Section 2. Indigenous Peoples: Definition Issues8

Ⅰ. The Term "Indigenous": An Approximation8

Ⅱ. The Recognition of Indigenous Peoples as "Peoples"12

Section 3. Some Essential Characteristics of Indigenous Cultures14

Ⅰ. Collective Rights14

Ⅱ. Indigenous Peoples and Their Land15

Ⅲ. Indigenous Heritage: Indigenous and Traditional Resources15

Section 4. Relevant Human Rights Norms in the Context of Indigenous Knowledge and Indigenous Resources17

Ⅰ. General Human Rights Norms Relevant to the Protection of Indigenous Knowledge and Indigenous Resources17

1. Human Rights Standards for the Protection of Intellectual Property17

2. Other Relevant Standards in the Context of Indigenous Resources and Traditional Knowledge19

Ⅱ. Specific Human Rights Instruments for the Protection of Indigenous Peoples20

1. ILO Convention No. 16921

2. Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples22

3. The Proposed American Declaration24

Section 5. Indigenous Peoples in International Environmental Law25

Ⅰ. The Convention on Biological Diversity26

1. "Indigenous and Local Communities"26

2. The General Concept27

(a) Dependence of Indigenous and Local Communities on Biological Resources27

(b) The Concept of Benefit-Sharing27

3. Art. 8(j) of the CBD as the Key Operative Provision28

(a) Art. 8(j) in Context: in situ Conservation of Biological Diversity as a State Obligation and the National Law Limitation28

(b) Subject and Contents28

Section 6. Ongoing Discussions: Recent Developments in International Fora Regarding Indigenous Resources and Traditional Knowledge29

Ⅰ. The World Intellectual Property Organization30

Ⅱ. Traditional Knowledge in the Context of the WTO31

Ⅲ. The Convention on Biological Diversity32

Ⅳ. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: The International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources and the Concept of Farmers' Rights33

1. "Farmers' Rights" and Indigenous Peoples35

2. The Concept of Farmers' Rights35

3. Farmers' Rights, Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual Property36

Ⅴ. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development37

Ⅵ. The World Health Organization37

Section 7. Recent Developments at the Regional and National Levels with Regard to the Protection of Indigenous Resources and Traditional Knowledge38

Section 8. Statements, Declarations, Charters, Resolutions and Recommendations by Indigenous Peoples40

Section 9. Conclusion42

Bibliography44

Part Ⅲ. Analysis of Different Areas of Indigenous Resources49

Section 1. Traditional Knowledge&Matthias Leistner49

Ⅰ. Findings at the Factual Level49

1. The Growing Importance of Traditional Knowledge49

2. Sources of Factual Information51

3. Terms and Definitions52

4. Characteristics of Traditional Knowledge56

5. The Positive and Negative Aspects of Traditional Knowledge Protection58

6. Practical Needs: Documentation, Assistance and Advice60

7. The Role of Customary Law62

8. Use of Collective Marks and Geographical Indications(Annette Kur)63

Ⅱ. Existing Legal Provisions Regarding the Protection of Traditional Knowledge64

1. Intellectual Property Rights64

(a) International Level64

(b) Regional Level73

(c) National Level76

2. Legal Protection Outside Intellectual Property Rights106

(a) International Level106

(b) Regional Level114

(c) National Level115

Ⅲ Draft Laws and Other Models120

1. International Level120

(a) Developments at the WIPO120

(b) Discussions Relating to the WTO122

(c) Discussions Relating to the CBD124

(d) Other Discussions at the United Nations126

2. Regional Level127

(a) Organization of African Unity127

(b) FTAA Draft Agreement128

(c) Others129

3. National Level129

(a) IPR-Similar sui generis Approaches129

(b) Biodiversity-Oriented Approach: The example of the Brazilian Draft Bill131

(c) Propositions Aimed at Adapting Existing IPR133

(d) Provisions on Assistance and Advice at the National Level133

Ⅳ. Conclusions134

1. Analysis of the Legal Situation134

2. Short- and Medium-Term Measures139

3. Long-Term Measures: Features of a New Protection Right141

Bibliography144

Section 2. Genetic Resources&Michael Hassemer151

Ⅰ. Findings at the Factual Level151

1. Genetic Resources151

(a) Resources151

(b) Public Domain and Sovereign Right154

(c) Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Genetic Resources156

(d) Ex situ Collections158

(e) Human Genetic Resources159

(f) Stakeholders160

2. Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge163

3. Bioprospecting and Biopiracy165

Ⅱ. Existing Legal Provisions Regarding Protection in the Context of Genetic Resources169

1. Intellectual Property Rights169

(a) Patents169

(b) Plant Breeders' Rights172

(c) Trade Secrets176

2. Outside Intellectual Property Rights176

(a) International Level176

(b) Regional and National Levels188

(c) Contractual Agreements205

Ⅲ. Draft Laws and Other Models209

1. Disclosure of Origin and Prior Informed Consent as a Patent Requirement at the International Level209

2. Other Proposals213

Ⅳ. Conclusions214

Bibliography217

Section 3. Protection of Traditional Names and Designations&Annette Kur and Roland Knaak221

Ⅰ. Findings at the Factual Level221

Ⅱ. Existing Legal Provisions Regarding the Protectionof Traditional Names and Designations224

1. Intellectual Property Rights224

(a) International Level224

(b) Regional Level234

(c) National Level238

2. Outside Intellectual Property Rights254

Ⅲ. Draft Laws and Other Models254

Ⅳ. Conclusions255

1. General Remarks255

2. Solutions for Improved Protection255

(a) Exemptions from the Country of ProtectionPrinciple256

(b) Need for Improvement of Informational Infrastructure256

(c) Measures at the National Level256

(d) Prior Rights257

Bibliography257

Section 4. Folklore&Agnès Lucas-Schloetter259

Ⅰ. Findings at the Factual Level259

1. The Commercial Value of Folklore259

2. The Different Forms of Exploitation of Folklore260

3. The Expectations of Indigenous Peoples with Respect to their Folklore261

4. The Definition of Folklore262

Ⅱ. Existing Legal Regimes Regarding the Protection of Folklore266

1. Intellectual Property Rights266

(a) International Level266

(b) Regional Level274

(c) National Level284

2. Legal Protection of Folklore Outside Intellectual Property316

(a) Customary Law316

(b) Cultural Heritage Legislation321

(c) The Legal Instruments in the Field of Human Rights and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples333

Ⅲ. Draft Laws and Other Models340

1. The Tunis Model Law on Copyright(WIPO/UNESCO, 1976)340

2. The Model Provisions for National Laws on the Protection of the Expressions of Folklore Against Illicit Exploitation and other Prejudicial Actions (WIPO/UNESCO, 1982)342

3. Draft Treaty for the Protection of Expressions of Folklore Against Illicit Exploitation and Other Prejudicial Actions (WIPO/UNESCO, 1984)345

4. Draft Declarations and National Legislation in the Field of Indigenous Peoples' Rights347

(a) Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (United Nations, 1994)347

(b) Draft Regional Declarations and National Laws in the Field of Indigenous Peoples' Rights350

5. Recent WIPO and UNESCO Activities in the Field of Folklore352

6. The Initiatives of Various Semi-Official and Unofficial Groups in the Field of the Protection of Folklore354

(a) International Level354

(b) Regional Level358

(c) National Level: The Example of Australia359

Ⅳ. Conclusions363

Bibliography368

Part Ⅳ. Final Considerations&Silke von Lewinski379

Section 1. Preliminary Remarks379

Section 2. The Needs as Expressed by Indigenous Peoples380

Section 3. Protection by Existing Intellectual Property Regimes381

Ⅰ. Protection of Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore per se381

Ⅱ. Protection of"Derivates"383

1. "Derivates" Produced by Indigenous Peoples383

2. "Derivates" Produced by Outsiders384

(a) Opposition to Intellectual Property Rights of Outsiders of Indigenous Communities384

(b) Possible Responses to Claims for Defensive Protection385

Section 4. Protection of Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore by Legal Regimes beyond Intellectual Property386

Ⅰ. Customary Law386

1. Problematic Issues386

2. Basic Approaches387

Ⅱ. Non-Economic and Economic Privileges388

1. Holders of rights389

2. Object of Protection and Uses Covered390

3. Other Issues390

4. Objections to Sui Generis Protection: Public Domain391

5. Usefulness of Databases393

6. Collecting Societies394

Section 5. The Level of Legal Measures395

Section 6. Additional Instruments395

Section 7. Practical Measures396

Bibliography397

Index399