Forty studies that changed criminal justice2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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PART Ⅰ Police1

Chapter 1 Police Behavior5

Police Personality: Are Police Officers Different from the Rest of Us?6

Police Styles: Why are there Differences in Police Behavior Across Communities?13

Police Officer Socialization: Why are Police Officers Different from the Rest of Us?23

Chapter 2 Police Discretion31

Police Officers' Use of Discretion: What Influences Police Decision-Making?32

The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment: Does Arrest Deter Crime?40

Chapter 3 Police Operations47

The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment: Can the Police Prevent Crime and Make Us Feel Safe?48

Police Response Time: How Important is it for the Police to Respond Quickly when we Call?53

Patrol Staffing: Which is Better: One- or Two-Officer Patrol Units?60

The Newark Foot Patrol Experiment: Should the Police Patrol in Cars or on Foot?65

The Rand Study of Investigation: Do Detectives Really Solve Crimes?73

Chapter 4 The Police Role81

Problem-Oriented Policing: Can the Police Fix the Underlying Problems Responsible for Crime?82

Broken Windows: Does Urban Blight Lead to Crime?92

Chapter 5 Police Use Of Deadly Force99

Deadly Force: What Explains the Variation in Police Shootings Across Departments?100

Chapter 6 Female Police Officers109

Female Police Officers: Do Female Officers Perform as Well as Male Officers?110

PART Ⅱ Courts121

Chapter 1 Preconviction Dispositions124

Barriers to Pretrial Release: Are Suspects Punished Before Guilt is Determined?125

Prosecutors' Use of Discretion in Decision-Making: Do Prosecutors Consider ExtraLegal Factors in their Decisions?136

Chapter 2 The Guilty Plea Process144

"Going Rate" Sentences for Defendants who Plead Guilty: How do Attorneys use the Penal Code in Case Processing?145

The Defense Attorney's Role in Plea Bargaining: Are Defendants Pressured by their Own Attorneys to Plead Guilty?153

Organizational Differences in Case Processing Across Courts: How does Court "Culture" Influence Case Processing?161

Procedural Injustices and Due Process Violations in Court:What Influences Defendants' Cynicism Toward the Legal Process?171

Chapter 3 The Jury Trial182

Jury Decision-Making: Why do Juries and Judges Sometimes Disagree?183

The Insanity Defense: Are Jurors Able to Understand Different Legal Rules for Establishing a Defendant's Criminal Responsibility?192

Chapter 4 Sentencing202

Judicial Discretion in Sentencing Decisions: Do Judges Discriminate Against Individuals of Lower Socio-Economic Status?203

Judges' Assessments of an Offender's Risk for Future Criminality: Are Sentences Affected by Stereotypes of "Dangerous Offenders"?212

Chapter 5 Structuring Sentencing Decisions223

Sentencing Guidelines: Can a Sentencing Scheme be Developed to Reduce Inequities in Prison Sentences?224

The Effectiveness of Mandatory Sentencing Guidelines for Reducing Judicial Sentencing Discretion: What is the Evidence that Guidelines Actually "Work" to Reduce Sentencing Disparities?234

PART Ⅲ Corrections245

Chapter 1 Correctional Goals249

The Effectiveness of Correctional Treatment: Can Criminals be Rehabilitated?250

Capital Punishment: Does the Death Penalty Deter Murder?258

Selective Incapacitation: Can Crime be Reduced without Increasing Prison Populations?265

Collective Incapacitation: Does Incarceration Reduce the Costs of Crime?272

Chapter 2 Community Corrections279

Felony Probation: Is it Safe to Put Felons on Probation?280

Parole Prediction: Is it Possible to Predict who will Succeed or Fail on Parole?289

Chapter 3 Inmate Subcultures301

Inmate Social Networks: How do Inmates Become Socialized into a Prison Culture?302

The "Pains of Imprisonment": How do Inmates Adapt to Imprisonment?312

Female Inmate Subcultures: Are Female Inmate Experiences Different from the Experiences of Male Inmates?320

Inmate Race Relations: Do Prison Subcultures Differ by an Inmate's Race?331

Chapter 4 Inmate Violence344

Inmate Victimization: Are Prisons Safe for Inmates?345

Prison Riots: What Causes Inmates to Riot?354

Chapter 5 Correctional Officers363

The Stanford Prison Experiment: What Explains the Coercive Behavior of Prison Guards?364

Correctional Officers' Attitudes: Do Correctional Officers'Attitudes Differ by Race?375