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Part I Principles3

1 Introduction3

2 The Analysis of a Text11

Reading the text11

The intention of the text12

The intention of the translator12

Text styles13

The readership13

Stylistic scales14

Attitued15

Setting15

Connotations and denotations16

The quality of the writing16

The last reading17

Conclusion17

3 The process of Translation19

Introduction19

The relation of translatihg to translation theory19

The approach20

The textual level22

The referential level23

The cohesive level23

The level of naturalness24

Combining the four levels29

The unit of translating30

The translation of texts32

The translation of proper names35

Revision36

Conclusion37

4 Language Functions, Text-categories and Text-types39

The expressive function39

The informative function40

The vocative function41

The aesthetic function42

The phatic function43

The metalingual function43

Introduction45

The methods45

5 Translation Methods45

Comments on the methods47

Equivalent effect48

Methods and text-categories50

Translating51

Other methods52

6 The Unit of Translation and Discourse Analysis54

Introduction54

Coherence55

Titles56

Dialogue cohesion57

Punctuation58

Sound-effects58

Referential synonyms59

Cohesion59

Other connectives60

Functional sentence perspective60

Enumerators60

Contrasts63

The lower units of translation65

Conclusion66

7 Literal Translation68

Introduction68

Varieties of close translation69

The translation of poetry70

Faithful and false friends72

Elegant variations73

Words in their context73

Back-translation of text（BTT）74

Accepted translation74

Constraints on literal translation75

Natural translation75

Re-creative translation76

Literary translation77

The sub-text77

The notion of the no-equivalent word78

The role of context80

8 The Other Translation procedures81

Transference81

Cultural equivalent82

Naturalisation82

Functional equivalent83

Descriptive equivalent83

Synonymy84

Through-translatioin84

Shifts or transpositions85

Modulation88

Recognised translation89

Reduction and expansion90

Other procedures90

Paraphrase90

Componential analysis90

Compensation90

Translation label90

Couplets91

Notes, additions,glosses91

9 Translation and Culture94

Definitions95

Cultural categories96

General considerations97

Ecology97

Material culture97

Social culture98

Social organisation-political and administrative99

Gestures and habits102

Summary of procedures103

10 The Translation of Metaphors104

Definitions106

Translating metaphors106

Types of metaphor106

11 The Use of Componenlial Analysis in Translation114

Introduction114

Lexical words117

Cultural words119

Synonyms120

Sets and series121

Conceptual terms121

Neologisms122

Conclusion123

Words as myths123

12 The Application of Case Grammar to Translation125

Introduction125

The translation of missing verbs,i,e,verbal force126

The translation of case-gaps129

Various types of case-partner132

Contrast and choice in translation134

Some related issues135

Case partners of adjectives and nouns136

A remark on Tesnière138

Conclusion138

13 The Translation of Neologisms140

Introduction140

Old words with new senses141

New coinages142

Derived words143

Abbreviations145

Collocations145

Eponyms146

Phrasal words147

Transferred words147

Acronyms148

Pseudo-neologisms148

The creation of neologisms149

A frame of reference of the translation of neologisms150

Technical style151

Introduction151

14 Technical Translation151

Terms152

Varieties of technical style152

Technical and descriptive terms153

Beginning technical translation154

Translation method155

The title156

Going through the text158

Conclusion160

Appendix: sample test161

15 The Translation of Serious Literature and Authoritative Statements162

Introduction162

Poetry162

The short story/novel170

Drama172

Conclusion173

16 Reference Books and their Uses; Tracing the Unfindable Word174

Introduction174

Resources175

Unfindable words176

17 Translation Criticism184

Introduction184

Plan of criticism186

Text analysis186

The translator s purpose186

Comparing the translation with the original187

The evaluation of the translation188

The translation s future189

Marking a translation189

Quality in translation192

18 Shorter Items193

Words and context193

The translation of dialect194

You and the Computer195

Function and description198

The translation of eponyms and acronyms198

Familiar alternative terms201

When and how to improve a text204

Collocations212

The translation of proper mames214

The translation of puns217

The translation of weights, measures, quantities and currencies217

Ambiguity218

19 Revision Hints for Exams and Deadlines221

20 By Way of a Conclusion225

Part ⅡMethods229

Introductory note229

Text 1 Power needs clear eyes ,The Economist231

Text 2 Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy ,British Medical fournal234

Text 3 Brideshead Revisited（Waugh）238

Text 4 Une certaine idée de la France （De Gaulle）242

Text 5 Le Parti Socialiste （Source unknown）245

Text 6 A la Recherche du Temps Perdu（Prouse）248

Text 7 Présentation d un cas de toxoplasmose ,Bordeaux Médical250

Text 8 Dialysebehandlung bei akutem Nierenversagen ,Deulsche Medizinische Wochenschrift254

Text 9 Alexander von Humboldt（Hein）259

Text 10 L Adoration（Borel）264

Text 11 Die Blasse Anna（B?ll）267

Text 12 La Société Francaise （Dupeux）272

Text 13 Zum Whole aller ,SCALA277

Glossary282

Abbreviations286

Medical terminology288

Bibliography289

Name index291

Subject index292