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Part Ⅰ．Molecular Components of Cells1

1．Chemistry Is the Logic of Biological Phenomena2

2．Water,pH,and Ionic Equilibria34

3．Thermodynamics of Biological Systems56

4．Amino Acids81

5．Proteins：Their Biological Functions and Primary Structure107

6．Proteins：Secondary,Tertiary,and Quaternary Structure158

7．Carbohdrates209

8．Lipids238

9．Membranes and Cell Surfaces259

10．Membrane Transport296

11．Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids327

12．Structure of Nucleic Acids356

13．Recombinant DNA：Cloning and Creation of Chimeric Genes395

Part Ⅱ．Protein Dynamics425

14．Enzyme Kinetics426

15．Enzyme Specificity and Regulation460

16．Mechanisms of Enzyme Action500

17．Molecular Motors533

Part Ⅲ．Metabolism and Its Regulation565

18．Metabolism：An Overview566

19．Glycolysis609

20．The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle639

21．Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation673

22．Photosynthesis709

23．Gluconeogenesis,Glycogen Metabolism,and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway742

24．Fatty Acid Catabolism775

25．Lipid Biosynthesis802

26．Nitrogen Acquisition and Amino Acid Metabolism852

27．The Synthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides899

28．Metabolic Integration and the Unidirectionality of Pathways927

Part Ⅳ．Information Transfer949

29．DNA：Genetic Information,Recombination,and Mutation950

30．DNA Replication and Repair984

31．Transcription and the Regulation of Gene Expression1014

32．The Genetic Code1069

33．Protein Synthesis and Degradation1089

HUMAN BIOCHEMISTRY54

Chapter 2 Blood pH and Respiration54

Chapter 6 Collagen-Related Diseases178

A Mutant Protein That Folds Slowly Can Cause Emphysema and Liver Damage194

Faster-Acting Insulin：Genetic Engineering Solves a Quaternary Structure Problem207

Chapter 8 Coumarin or Warfarin—Agent of Life or Death254

Plant Sterols—Natural Cholesterol Fighters256

17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 3 Deficiency257

Chapter 9 Treating Allergies at the Cell Membrane273

A Prenyl Protein Protease Is a New Chemotherapy Target278

Selectins,Rolling Leukocytes,and the Inflammatory Response283

Chapter 10 Cardiac Glycosides：Potent Drugs from Ancient Times306

Chapter 11 Adenosine：A Nucleoside with Physiological Activity332

Chapter 12 Telomeres and Tumors382

Chapter 13 The Human Genome Project412

The Biochemical Defects in Cystic Fibrosis and ADA—SCID420

Chapter 15 Hemoglobin and Nitric Oxide493

Chapter 16 Protease Inhibitors Give Life to AIDS Patients524

Chapter 17 The Molecular Defect in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Involves an Actin-Anchoring Protein548

Smooth Muscle Effectors Are Useful Drugs561

Chapter 18 Thiamine and Beriberi588

Niacin and Pellagra590

Vitamin B12 and Pernicious Anemia599

Ascorbic Acid and Scurvy600

Vitamin D and Rickets605

Vitamin K and Blood Clotting607

Chapter 25 Lovastatin Lowers Serum Cholesterol Levels840

Chapter 26 Homocysteine and Heart Attacks879

Chapter 28 Controlling Obesity—Leptin Is a Protein That Stimulates“Fat Burning”945

Chapter 29 Prions：Proteins as Genetic Agents？979

CRITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOCHEMISTRY92

Chapter 4 Green Fluorescent Protein—The“Light Fantastic” from Jellyfish to Gene Expression92

Discovery of Optically Active Molecules and Determination of Absolute Configuration97

Rules for Description of Chiral Centers in the（R,S）System99

Chapter 6 In Bed with a Cold,Pauling Stumbles onto the α-Helix and a Nobel Prize167

Thermodynamics of the Folding Process in Globular Proteins192

Chapter 13 Combinatorial Libraries406

Identifying Specific DNA Sequences by Southern Blotting（Southern Hybridization）410

Chapter 16 Transition-Srate Stabilization in the Serine Proteases519

The pH Dependence of Aspartic Proteases and HIV-1 Protease525

Chapter 17 Effectors of Microtubule Polymerization as Therapeutic Agents538

Molecular“Tweezers”of Light Take the Measure of a Muscle Fiber's Force554

Chapter 21 Oxidative Phosphorylation—The Clash of Ideas and Energetic Personalities693

Chapter 22 Experiments with Isolated Chloroplasts Provided the First Direct Evidence for the Chemiosmotic Hypothesis728

Chapter 23 The Pioneering Studies of Carl and Gerty Cori750

Chapter 25 The Long Search for the Route to Cholesterol Biosynthesis838

Chapter 27 Enzyme Inhibition by Fluoro Compounds924

ADEEPER LOOK53

Chapter 2 How the Bicarbonate Buffer System Works53

Entropy,Information,and the Importance of“Negentropy”60

Chapter 4 The Murchison Meteorite—Discovery of Extraterrestrial Handedness98

Chapter 5 The Virtually Limitless Number of Different Amino Acid Sequences116

Estimation of Protein Concentrations in Solutions of Biological Origin129

Chapter 6 Knowing What the Right Hand and Left Hand Are Doing164

Charlotte's Web Revisited：Helix-Sheet Composites in Spider Dragline Silk175

The Coiled Coil Motif in Proteins188

Part Ⅰ．Molecular Components of Cells1

1．Chemistry Is the Logic of Biological Phenomena2

2．Water,pH,and Ionic Equilibria34

3．Thermodynamics of Biological Systems56

4．Amino Acids81

5．Proteins：Their Biological Functions and Primary Structure107

6．Proteins：Secondary,Tertiary,and Quaternary Structure158

7．Carbohydrates209

8．Lipids238

9．Membranes and Cell Surfaces259

10．Membrane Transport296

11．Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids327

12．Structure of Nucleic Acids356

13．Recombinant DNA：Cloning and Creation of Chimeric Genes395

Part Ⅱ．Protein Dynamics425

14．Enzyme Kinetics426

15．Enzyme Specificity and Regulation460

16．Mechanisms of Enzyme Action500

17．Molecular Motors533

Part Ⅲ．Metabolism and Its Regulation565

18．Metabolism：An Overview566

19．Glycolysis609

20．The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle639

21．Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation673

22．Photosynthesis709

23．Gluconeogenesis,Glycogen Metabolism,and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway742

24．Fatty Acid Catabolism775

25．Lipid Biosynthesis802

26．Nitrogen Acquisition and Amino Acid Metabolism852

27．The Synthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides899

28．Metabolic Integration and the Unidirectionality of Pathways927

Part Ⅳ．Information Transfer949

29．DNA：Genetic Information,Recombination,and Mutation950

30．DNA Replication and Repair984

31．Transcription and the Regulation of Gene Expression1014

32．The Genetic Code1069

33．Protein Synthesis and Degradation1089

Immunoglobulins—All the Features of Protein Structure Brought Together205

Chapter 7 Trehalose—A Natural Protectant for Bugs223

Honey—An Ancestral Carbohydrate Treat224

Billiard Balls,Exploding Teeth,and Dynamite—The Colorful History of Cellulose234

Chapter 8 Fatty Acids in Fopds：Saturated Versus Unsaturated241

Polar Bears Use Triacylgylcerols to Survive Long Periods of Fasting243

Prochirallty244

Glycerophospholipid Degradation：One of the Effects of Snake Venoms246

Platelet Activating Factor：A Potent Glyceroether Mediator247

Moby Dick and Spermaceti：A Valuable Wax from Whale Oil251

Why Do Plants Emit Isoprene？253

Chapter 9 Exterminator Proteins—Biological Pest Control at the Membrane275

Chapter 10 Melittin—How to Sting Like a Bee319

Chapter 11 Peptide Nucleic Acids（PNAs）Are Synthetic Mimics of DNA and RNA347

Chapter 13 The Two-Hybrid System to Identify Proteins Involved in Specific Protein-Protein Interactions417

Chapter 14 An Example of the Effect of Amino Acid Substitutions on Km and kcat：Wild-Type and Mutant Forms of Human Sulfite Oxidase441

The Equations of Competitive Inhibition445

Chapter 15 Protein Kinases：Target Recognition and Intrasteric Control466

An Alternative Allosteric Model：The Sequential Allosteric Model of Koshland,Nemethy,and Filmer472

The Physiological Significance of the Hb：O2 Interaction484

Changes in the Heme Iron upon O2-Binding487

Chapter 16 What Is the Rate Enhancement of an Enzyme？502

Chapter 17 Viscous Solutions Reflect Long-Range Molecular Interactions551

Chapter 18 Calcium Carbonate—A Biological Sink for CO2571

A Fad Diet—Low Carbohydrates,High Protein,High Fat585

Riboflavin and Old Yellow Enzyme592

Fritz Lipmann and Coenzyme A594

Vitamin B6597

Biotin601

Lipoic Acid601

Folic Acid,Pterins,and Insect Wings602

β-Carotene and Vision604

Vitamin E606

Chapter 19 The Chemical Evidence for the Schiff Base Intermediate in Class I Aldolases622

Chapter 20 Reaction Mechanism of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex646

Fool's Gold and the Reductive Citric Acid Cycle—The First Metabolic Pathway？664

Chapter 23 Carbohydrate Utilization in Exercise759

Chapter 24 The Akee Tree786

The Activation of Vitamin B12793

Chapter 25 Choosing the Best Organism for the Experiment810

The Discovery of Prostaglandins831

The Molecular Basis for the Action of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs834

Chapter 26 The Mechanism of the Aminotransferase（Transamination）Reaction869

The Urea Cycle as Both an Ammonium and a Bicarbonate Disposal Mechanism872

Amino Acid Biosynthesis Inhibitors as Herbicides888

Histidine—A Clue to Understanding Early Evolution？890

The Serine Dehydratase Reaction—a β-Elimination892

Chapter 27 Tetrahydrofolate（THF）and Ohe-Carbon Units901

ATP Changes the Keq for a Process by a Factor of 108934

Chapter 29 “Knockout”Mice：A Method To Investigate the Essentiality of a Gene981

Chapter 30 A Mechanism for All Polymerases996

Telomeres—A Timely End to Chromosomes？1008

Chapter 31 Conventions Employed in Expressing the Sequences of Nucleic Acids and Proteins1016

DNA Footprinting—Identifying the Nucleotide Sequence in DNA Where a Protein Binds1018

Quantitative Evaluation of lac Repressor：DNA Interactions1033

Storage of Long-Term Memory Depends on Gene Expression Activated by CREB-Type Transcription Factors1056

Chapter 32 Natural Variations in the Standard Genetic Code1074

Chapter 33 Molecular Mimicry—The Structures of EF-Tu：Aminoacyl-tRNA and EF-G1104