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Part Ⅰ The Clause1

1 Constituency3

1.1 Constituency in writing3

1.2 Constituency in speech7

1.3 Rhythm:the foot7

1.4 Intonation:the tone group9

1.5 Syllables and phonemes11

1.6 The significance of constituent structure12

2.1 Grammatical constituency17

2 Towards a functional grammar17

2.2 Maximal and minimal bracketing20

2.3 Labelling24

2.4 Classes and functions28

2.5 Subject,Actor,Theme30

2.6 Three lines of meaning in the clause33

3 Clause as message37

3.1 Theme and Rheme37

3.2 Simple Themes of more than one group or phrase39

3.3 Theme and mood42

3.4 Other characteristic Themes48

3.5 Multiple Themes52

3.6 Clauses as Themes54

3.7 Predicated Themes58

3.8 Theme in dependent,minor and elliptical clauses61

3.9 Thematic interpretation of a text64

4 Clause as exchange68

4.1 The nature of dialogue68

4.2.1 Structure of the Mood71

4.2 The Mood element71

4.2.2 Meaning of Subject and Finite75

4.3 Other elements of Mood structure78

4.3.1 Structure of the Residue78

4.3.2 Modal Adjuncts81

4.3.3 Conjunctive Adjuncts83

4.3.4 Vocatives and Expletives85

4.4 WH-interrogative,exclamative and imperative clauses85

4.5 Polarity and modality88

4.6.1 Ellipsis92

4.6 Absence of elements of the modal structure92

4.6.2 Minor clauses95

4.7 Clause as Subject96

4.8 Texts99

5 Clause as representation106

5.1 Process,participant and circumstance106

5.1.1 Modelling experience106

5.1.2 Process,participants and circumstances107

5.2 Material processes:processes of doing109

5.3 Mental processes:processes of sensing112

5.4 Relational processes:processes of being119

5.4.1 Relational processes119

5.4.2 Intensive processes:attributive120

5.4.3 Intensive processes:identifying122

5.4.4 Token and Value124

5.4.5 Summary of attributive and identifying(intensive)clauses128

5.4.6 Circumstantial and possessive processes130

5.5.1 Behavioural processes138

5.5 Other process types;summary of process types138

5.5.2 Verbal processes140

5.5.3 Existential processes142

5.5.4 Summary of process types143

5.6 Other participant functions144

5.6.1 Beneficiary144

5.6.2 Range146

5.7 Circumstantial elements149

5.7.1 Types of circumstance152

5.7.2 The status of circumstances158

5.8 Transitivity and voice:another interpretation161

Part Ⅱ Above,Below and Beyond the Clause177

6 Below the clause:groups and phrases179

6.1 Groups and phrases179

6.2 Nominal group180

6.2.1 Experiential structure of the nominal group:from Deictic to Classifier181

6.2.2 Experiential structure of the nominal group:interpretation of ordering;the Qualifier187

6.2.3 Experiential structure of the nominal group:the Thing189

6.2.4 A note on interpersonal and textual contributions190

6.2.5 Logical structure of the nominal group191

6.2.6 Head and Thing194

6.3 Verbal group196

6.3.1 Experiential structure of the verbal group196

6.3.2 Logical structure of the verbal group198

6.3.3 Finite,sequent and non-finite tense systems200

6.3.4 Phrasal verbs207

6.4 Adverbial group,conjunction group,preposition group210

6.4.1 Adverbial group210

6.4.2 Conjunction group211

6.4.3 Preposition group212

6.5 Prepositional phrase212

6.6 Summary of word classes214

7 Above the clause:the clause complex215

7.1 'Clause complex'and'sentence'215

7.2 Types of relationship between clauses216

7.3 Types of interdependency:parataxis and hypotaxis221

7.4 Elaborating,extending,enhancing:three kinds of expansion225

7.4.1 Elaboration225

7.4.2 Extension230

7.4.3 Enhancement232

7.4.4 Expansion clauses that are not explicitly marked for any logical-semantic relation239

7.4.5 Embedded expansions242

7.4.6 Acts248

7.5 Reports,ideas and facts:three kinds of projection250

7.5.1 Quoting('direct speech'):verbal process,parataxis250

7.5.2 Reporting('indirect speech'):mental process,hypotaxis252

7.5.3 Reporting speech,quoting thought254

7.5.4 Projecting offers and commands257

7.5.5 Free indirect speech260

7.5.6 Embedded locutions and ideas263

7.5.7 Facts264

7.5.8 Summary of projection269

7 Additional:Group and phrase complexes274

7A.1 Parataxis:groups and phrases274

7A.2 Hypotaxis:nominal group276

7A.3 Hypotaxis:adverbial group/prepositional phrase277

7A.4 Hypotaxis:verbal group,expansion(1):general278

7A.5 Hypotaxis:verbal group,expansion(2):passives and causatives282

7A.6 Hypotaxis:verbal group,projection288

8 Beside the clause:intonation and rhythm292

8.1 Introductory:foot and tone group292

8.2 Rhythm292

8.3 Tonicity295

8.4 Nature of the information unit295

8.6 Given+New and Theme+Rheme299

8.7 Tone302

8.8 Tonic and pretonic304

8.9 Key305

8.10 Tone as expression of relationship in a unit complex306

9 Around the clause:cohesion and discourse308

9.1 The concept of cohesion308

9.2 Reference312

8.5 Meaning of Given and New313

9.3 Ellipsis and substitution316

9.4 Conjunction323

9.5 Lexical cohesion330

9.6 The creation of texture334

10 Beyond the clause:metaphorical modes of expression340

10.1 Rhetorical transference340

10.2 Grammatical metaphor342

10.3 Ideational metaphors343

10.3.1 Metaphors of transitivity344

10.3.2 The representation of metaphorical forms346

10.3.3 Spoken and written language349

10.3.4 Ideational metaphors and nominalization352

10.4.1 Metaphors of modality354

10.4 Interpersonal metaphors354

10.4.2 A further account of modality355

10.4.3 Metaphors of mood363

Appendices368

1 The'silver'text:analysis and interpretation368

2 A note on the grammar of little texts392

3 Variations on a causal theme398

Further Reading404

Bibliography413

文库索引435