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PART Ⅰ GENERAL SURVEY3

ONE SETTING3

1．Grammar3

2．Linguistic Universals4

3．Phonetic Representations5

4．Components of a Grammar6

5．Surface Structures7

5.1．Lexical and Phonological Representations9

5.2．On the Abstractness of Lexical Representations11

5.3．Analysis into Words12

6．Summary14

TWO A SKETCH OF ENGLISH PHONOLOGY AND PHONOLOGICAL THEORY15

1．The Principle of the Transformational Cycle and Its Application to English Stress Contours15

2．On the Reality of Phonetic Representation24

3．The Transformational Cycle Within the Word26

4．The Segmental Phonology of English—a First Approximation28

5．More on the Transformational Cycle Within the Word29

6．Particular and Universal Grammar43

7．On the Abstractness of Lexical Representation44

8．Vowel Alternations50

PART Ⅱ ENGLISH PHONOLOGY59

THREE THE TRANSFORMATIONAL CYCLE IN ENGLISH PHONOLOGY59

1．Introductory Remarks59

1.1．The Rules of the Phonological Component60

1.2．Notational Conventions61

1.3．Distinctive Features64

1.3.1．Boundary Features66

1.3.2．Segmental Features68

2．Stress Placement in Verbs—a First Approximation69

3．Stress Placement in Nouns—a First Approximation71

4．Alternating Stress Rule77

5．Stress Placement in Adjectives79

6．Derivational Affixes80

7．Summary of Stress Placement Rules83

8．Nuclear Stress89

9．Compounds91

10．Complex Verbs94

11．Nouns Derived from Verbs96

12．Revised Version of the Main Stress Rule98

13．Complex Nouns and Adjectives100

14．Vowel Reduction110

15．Further Investigation of Derivational Affixes126

16．Stress as a Lexical Category145

FOUR WORD-LEVEL PHONOLOGY163

1．Introductory Remarks163

2．Phonological and Phonetic Representation164

2.1．Lexical Redundancy Rules171

2.2．Treatment of Exceptions172

3．The Features177

4．Vowel Alternations178

4.1．Alternations of Nonback Vowels178

4.2．Alternations of Back Vowels186

4.3．The Vowel Shift Rule187

4.3.1．Refinements and Extensions of the Vowel Shift Rule188

4.3.1.1．Rounding and Backness Adjustments188

4.3.1.2．Rounding and Stress190

4.3.2．Final Weak-Stressed [o]190

4.3.3．The Diphthong [？y]191

4.3.4．Prevocalic y-Glides192

4.3.5．Vowel Shift for Lax Vowels201

4.3.6．Further Remarks on Diphthongization205

4.3.7．Further Remarks on Phonetically Low Vowels205

4.3.8．Rounding Adjustment217

5．Further Consequences of the Vowel Shift Rule219

6．The Consonant System of English223

FIVE SUMMARY OF RULES236

1．Readjustment Rules238

2．Phonological Rules239

PART Ⅲ HISTORY249

SIX THE EVOLUTION OF THE MODERN ENGLISH VOWEL SYSTEM249

1．Introductory Remarks249

1.1．On Linguistic Change249

1.2．General Comments on the Early History of Modern English252

1.3．Concerning Exchange Rules256

2．John Hart（1551-1579）259

2.1．The Evidence260

2.2．Hart's Pattern263

3．John Wallis（1653-1699）266

3.1．The Evidence266

3.2．Wallis'Pattern268

4．Christopher Cooper（1687）275

4.1．The Evidence275

4.2．Cooper's Pattern278

5．T.Batchelor（1809）282

5.1．The Evidence283

5.2．Batchelor's Pattern284

PART Ⅳ PHONOLOGICAL THEORY293

SEVEN THE PHONETIC FRAMEWORK293

1．Phonetic Representation293

1.1．Phonetic Transcription and the Speech Signal293

1.2．Phonetic and Phonological Representation295

2．The Phonetic Features298

2.1．The Neutral Position300

2.2．Vocal Cord Vibration—Spontaneoos and Otherwise300

3．Major Class Features301

3.1．Sonorant-Nonsonorant（Obstruent）302

3.2．Vocalic-Nonvocalic302

3.3．Consonantal-Nonconsonantal302

4．Cavity Features303

4.1．Primary Strictures303

4.1.1．Coronal-Noncoronal304

4.1.2．Anterior-Nonanterior304

4.2．Features Relating to the Body of the Tongue:High-Nonhigh,Low-Nonlow,Back-Nonback304

4.2.1．On the Relationship Between the Features"Diffuseness," "Compactness,"and"Gravity"and the Features of the Preceding Sections306

4.2.2．Degrees of Narrowing in the Vocal Tract308

4.3．Rounded-Nonrounded309

4.4．Distributed-Nondistributed312

4.5．Covered-Noncovered314

4.6．Glottal Constrictions315

4.7．Secondary Apertures316

4.7.1．Nasal-Nonnasal316

4.7.2．Lateral-Nonlateral317

5．Manner of Articulation Features317

5.1．Continuant-Noncontinuant（Stop）317

5.2．Release Features:Instantaneous Release-Delayed Release318

5.2.1．Release of Primary Closures319

5.2.2．Release of Secondary Closures319

5.2.3．Comments on the Release Features321

5.3．Supplementary Movements322

5.3.1．Suction322

5.3.2．Pressure323

5.3.3．Order of Releases in Sounds with Multiple Closures324

5.4．Tense-Nontense（Lax）324

6．Source Features326

6.1．Heightened Subglottal Pressure326

6.2．Voiced-Nonvoiced（Voiceless）326

6.3．Strident-Nonstrident329

7．Prosodic Features329

EIGHT PRINCIPLES OF PHONOLOGY330

1．On the Evaluation Procedure and the Form of Phonological Rules330

2．Segments as Feature Complexes335

3．The Ordering of the Rules340

4．Variables as Feature Coefficients350

5．Metathesis,Contraction,and Elision358

6．Boundaries364

6.1．Formative Boundary:＋364

6.2．The Boundary # and the Notion"Word"366

6.3．The Boundary＝371

6.4．Boundaries as Units371

6.5．Readjustment Rules371

7．Diacritic Features373

8．Lexical Representation380

Appendix:Formalism390

NINE EPILOGUE AND PROLOGUE:THE INTRINSIC CONTENT OF FEATURES400

1．Some Unresolved Problems400

2．A Theory of"Markedness"402

2.1．The Marking Conventions403

2.2．Conventions for the Major Categories408

2.3．Conventions for Vowels and the Representation of Vowels in the Lexicon408

2.4．Conventions for True Consonants and the Representation of Consonants in the Lexicon411

2.5．Conventions for Liquids414

2.6．Conventions for Glides414

3．Markedness and Lexical Representation414

4．Markedness and Phonological Rules:Linking419

BIBLIOGRAPHY437

INDEXES447

Language Index447

Word Index449

Affix Index462

Subject Index464