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PART I Foundation1

1 Introduction to Intercultural Communication3

Why Study Intercultural Communication？4

Technological Development4

Globalization of the Economy5

Widespread Population Migrations6

Development of Multiculturalism7

A Short History of Intercultural Communication7

The Chronological Development of Intercultural CommunicationStudy8

The Content of Intercultural Communication Study13

Outline of the Textbook16

Recap17

Rethink19

Questions for Discussion19

2 Communication and Culture20

The Communication Process21

Communication Defined21

Characteristics of Communication21

A Model of Communication24

The Nature of Culture25

Culture Defined25

Functions of Culture26

Characteristics of Culture26

Intercultural Communication28

Forms of Intercultural Communication28

Recap29

Rethink30

Questions for Discussion30

3 Cultural Perception and Values32

The Nature of Perception33

Perception Defined33

Stages of the Perception Process33

Cultural Inuence on Perception35

Stereotypes39

Dimensions of Stereopes40

Prejudice40

Forms of Prejudice41

Origins and Impact of Stereotypes and Prejudice42

The Nature of Values43

Values and Communication43

Cultural Value Orientations45

Models for the Study of Cultural Value Orientations46

Kluckhohn and Strodbeck’s Model46

Condon and Yousef s Model46

Hall’s Culture Context Model50

Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions51

Recap54

Rethink55

Questions for Discussion57

PART Ⅱ Context59

4 Language and Culture61

Linguistics62

The Structure of Human Language63

Morphology63

Phonology63

Syntax63

Semantics64

Pragmatics64

Characteristics of Language65

Variations of Human Language66

Dialects66

Pidgins68

Creole68

Lingua Franca69

Jargon69

Argot69

Taboo70

Language and Culture70

Language Determines Our Culture70

Language Reects Our Attitude71

Cultural value Orientations and Language ExpressionsRelational Orientations73

Positional Role Behavior76

Ancestor Worship78

Recap80

Rethink80

Questions for Discussion81

5 Nonverbal Communication and Culture82

The Nature of Nonverbal Communication83

Nonverbal and Verbal Communication83

Functions of Nonverbal Communication84

Repetition85

Replacement85

Emphasis85

Contradiction85

Regulation85

Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication86

Nonverbal Communication Is Less Systematized than Verbal Communication86

Nonverbal Communication Is Culture-Bound86

Nonverbal Communication Is Ambiguous88

The Structure of Nonverbal Communication88

Kinesics88

Proxemics95

Paralanguage96

Chronemics99

Nonverbal Communication and Culture101

Intercultural Skills in Nonverbal Communication104

Recap105

Rethink106

Questions for Discussion107

PART Ⅲ Interaction109

6 Intercultural Relationship Development111

The Nature of Human Relationship112

Human Relationship Defined112

Characteristics of Human Relationship113

Stages of Relationship Development114

Devito’s Model115

Knapp and Vangelisti’s Model115

Chen’s Model117

Theories of Relationship Development120

Social Exchange Theory120

Social Penetration Theory121

Uncertainty Reduction Theory122

Communication Accommodation Theory124

Relationship Development and Culture124

Particularism/Universalism126

Long-Term/Short-Term Relationships126

Ingroup/Outgroup Relationships128

Formal/Informal Relationships128

Personal/Public Relationships130

Third-Culture Building133

Intrapersonal Intracultural Communication134

Interpersonal Intercultural Communication135

Rhetorical Intercultural Communication136

Metacultural Communication137

Intracultural Communication137

Recap138

Rethink138

Questions for Discussion139

7 Intercultural Conflict Management140

The Nature of Conftict141

Types of Conflict143

Cultural Influence on Conflict Management144

Thinking Patterns144

Language Barriers146

Cultural Context148

Determinant Factors of Conflicts150

Face152

Interrelation153

Favor154

Seniority156

Status156

Power156

Credibility157

Interest157

Severity of the Conflict157

Gender157

Effective Management of Intercultural Conflicts158

Recap161

Rethink161

Questions for Discussion162

8 Intercultural Adaptation163

Culture Shock and Intercultural Adaptation164

Aspects of Culture Shock165

Forms of Culture Shock167

Symptoms of Culture Shock167

Effects of Culture Shock169

Perspectives on the Study of Intercultural Adaptation170

Dimensions of Intercultural Adaptation171

Stages of Intercultural Adaptation172

U-Curve Pattern173

W-Curve Pattern and Reentry Shock174

Models for the Study of Intercultural Adaptation175

A Dialectical Model175

A Transformative Learning Model178

Recap179

Rethink181

Questions for Discussion181

9 Listening between Co-Cultures182

Levels of Listening185

Intrapersonal Listening185

Interpersonal Intracultural Listening187

History191

Intercultural Listening191

Listening across Emotions191

Fusing Horizons192

Selective Listening192

Components of Intercultural Listening193

Reciprocal Attending193

Verbal and Nonverbal Messages194

Differing History， Linguisticality， and Socialization195

Mutual Understanding197

Intercultural Listening as Qualitative Research198

Stepping Outside to Listen199

Narrative Listening200

Sense-Making201

The Media and Co-Cultural Narratives203

How to Listen across Cultures204

Reducing the Need to Consider New Ideas204

Accepting the Added Demands of Seeing and Hearing Novel Messages204

Waiting as Long as Possible before Merging the Story of Another into Our Own Narrative205

Using Reciprocal Questioning to Build a Common Narrative with the Other Cultural Interactant206

Recap206

Rethink207

Questions for Discussion208

PART Ⅳ Application209

10 Cultural Diversity and Multiculturalism211

The Challenge of Cultural Diversity213

Cultural Diversity in Organizations215

Report by the U.S.Department of Labor215

Gender Impact216

Ethnic Impact218

Business Impact220

Managing a Culturally Diverse Workforce221

Planning221

Organization222

Leadership222

Techniques for Diversity Management in Organizations224

Multicultural Education225

Exposure to Multicultural Perspectives226

Maintaining Cultural Identity227

Developing Intercultural Communication Skills227

Diversification of Curriculum228

Stages of the Process ofMulticulturalism229

The Need for Intercultural Sensitivity230

What is Intercultural Sensitivity？230

Intercultural Sensitiving and Training Programs231

Components of Intercultural Sensitivity232

Recap236

Rethink236

Questions for Discussion238

11 Intercultural Communication Competence239

The Nature of Communication Competence240

Definition of Competence240

Definition of Intercultural Communication Competence241

Culture and Communication Competence242

Approaches to the Study of Intercultural Communication Competence242

Overseasmanship Approach242

Subjective Culture Approach242

Multicultural Person Approach243

Social Behaviorism Approach243

Typology Approach243

Intercultural Communicators Approach243

Dimensions and Components of Intercultural Communication Competence244

Personality Attributes244

Communication Skills246

Psychological Adjustment249

Cultural Awareness252

Recap253

Rethink254

Questions for Discussion257

12 Intercultural Training258

Why Intercultural Training？259

Effects of Intercultural Training259

Goals of Intercultural Training261

Models of Intercultural Training262

The Classroom Model263

The Simulation Model264

The Self-Awareness Model265

The Cultural Awareness Model266

The Behavioral Model266

The Interaction Model267

Intercultural Training Techniques268

Role Playing268

Case Studies268

Critical Incidents272

Cultural Assimilators273

Simulations275

Evaluation of Intercultural Training277

Recap279

Rethink279

Questions for Discussion280

PART Ⅴ Ethical Issues and the Future281

13 Ethics and the Future of intercultural Communication283

The Nature of Intercultural Communication Ethics284

Ethics Defined284

Why Study Intercultural Communication Ethics？284

Theories of Ethical Study285

Principles of Ethical Intercultural Communication288

Mutuality288

Nonjudgmentalism288

Honesty288

Respect289

Ethical Rules for Intercultural Communication289

Promote Voluntary Participation in the Interaction289

Seek Individual Focus Prior to Cultural Focus289

Maintain the Right to Freedom from Harm290

Accept the Right to Privacy of Thought and Action290

Avoid Imposing Personal Biases290

The Future of Intercultural Communication292

Increasing or Decreasing Intercultural Contact293

International Perspective293

Domestic Perspective295

Unity versus Division296

Ethnocentrism296

Gender Impact298

The Study of Intercultural Communication299

Education299

Business302

Research303

Recap305

Questions for Discussion306

References307

Indcx332