语言导论 Facets of language eng2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

语言导论 Facets of language engPDF格式电子书版下载

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Chapter 1 Properties of Language1

1 Introduction—Nature or Nurture?1

2　The Nature of Language3

2.1 Creativity3

2.2　Arbitrariness of linguistic signs5

2.3　Duality7

2.4　Displacement8

2.5 Structure-dependence9

3　Linguistic Competence and Linguistic Performance11

4　Descriptive Grammar and Prescriptive Grammar12

5 Summary14

Exercises15

References16

Chapter 2　The Structures of Language17

1 Introduction17

1.1　Levels of linguistic organization17

1.2　How many levels are there?17

1.3 Evidence of structures18

2　Patterns of Speech Sounds:Phonology20

3　The Words of Language:Morphology23

3.1 What is a morpheme?24

3.2　Derivational morphology25

3.3 Inflectional morphology26

4 Sentence Structures:Syntax27

4.1 Word order27

4.2　Grammaticality judgment27

4.3 Ambiguity29

4.4 Recursiveness30

5 Summary31

Exercises32

References33

Chapter 3 Meaning of Language34

1 Meaning in the Objective World34

1.1 Arbitrariness and iconicity35

1.2　Linguistic relativity and determinism36

1.3　The logical approach to language meaning37

2 Meaning in the Language System40

2.1　The many meanings of a word42

2.2 Some well-known word relations44

2.3 Componential analysis50

2.4 Meaning beyond words52

3 Summary55

Exercises56

References56

Chapter 4 Origins of Language58

1 Introduction58

2　Defining the Topic59

2.1　The origin,the origins or origins of language?59

2.2 Speech or written language?60

2.3 Origins of language in general or origins of specific languages?60

2.4　The meanings of the word origin60

2.5 Where do we look for evidence?61

3 Search for the Source:Creationism vs.Evolutionism61

3.1　The divine origin theory62

3.2　The inner spirit theory63

3.3　The nature theory64

3.4　The sing-song theory65

4 Search for the Beginning65

4.1 Full-blown language65

4.2 Gesture theory66

4.3　Ta-ta theory67

4.4　Yo-he-ho theory67

4.5　Supply and demand theory67

4.6 Rousseau and Herder's reflective theory68

5 Search for the Causes70

5.1　Language for gossiping71

5.2　Language as social control71

5.3　Language as social contact72

5.4　Language through trial and error73

6 Bickerton's Bioprogram74

7 Summary79

Exercises81

References81

Chapter 5 Language in Use:The Pragmatic Perspective83

1 What Is to Study Language in Use?83

2　How Is More Communicated than Is Said?85

2.1 Implying and inferring meanings85

2.2 Being cooperative88

2 3 Flouting the maxims91

3　How to Do Things with Words94

3.1　Performing three acts at once96

3.2　Performing appropriate speech acts98

3.3　Classifying speech acts101

4　HoW to Sound Polite104

4.1 Face matters104

4.2　Lend me a stamp108

5 Summary112

Exercises113

References114

Chapter 6 Language and Power115

1 What Is Meant by"Power"?115

2 What Is the Relationship Between Power and Language?116

3　How Is Power Exercised Through Language?118

3.1 Face-to-face conversation118

3.2 Ideology,common sense and power119

3.3 Standardization124

3.4　Discourse conventions126

4　The Power of Language129

4.1　Powerful language vs.powerless language129

4.2　Techniques and strategies people use to insert influence and control132

5 Summary138

Exercises139

References139

Chapter 7 Language and Gender141

1　Introduction141

1.1 Why"gender"not"sex"?141

1.2 Research review142

2 Gender-Distinctive Use of Language143

2.1 Manifestations of gender differences in language143

2.2　Possible explanations144

3 Gender-Distinctive Conversational Styles146

3.1 Manifestations of gender differences in conversational styles146

3.2　Possible explanations148

4 Gender-Related Discrimination in Language149

4.1 Addressing terms and naming conventions150

4.2 Marked feminine terms151

4.3　Generic he and man153

4.4　Male and female ordering154

4.5　Derogation of feminine words155

5 Summary157

Exercises158

References158

Chapter 8 First Language Acquistion161

1 Research Methods in the Study of Child Language Acquisition161

1.1　Diaries and parental reports161

1.2　Observational data162

1.3　Experiment163

2　Language Development165

2.1　Phonological development165

2.2　Semantic development166

2.3　Grammatical development168

2.4　The development of communication skills171

3　Theories on Child Language Acquisition172

3.1　The innatist theory（天赋论）173

3.2　The learning theory（学习论）176

3.3　The cognitive theory（认知论）178

3.4　The social interactionist theory（社交论）179

4 Summary180

Exercises182

References183

Chapter 9 Second Language Acquistion185

1 Second Language Learning and Acquisition186

2 Components of L2 Communicative Competence188

3　Differences Between First and Second Language Acquisition190

3.1 Initial state and L1 transfer191

3.2 Instruction and L2 development192

3.3 Input,interaction and L2 development193

4 Individual Differences in Second Language Acquisition195

4.1 Age195

4.2　Language aptitude197

4.3 Cognitive style198

4.4 Motivation201

4.5　Learning strategies202

5 Summary203

Exercises203

References204

Chapter 10 Language and the Brain206

1 Brain Structure and Function206

2　Hemispheric Dominance and Lateralization208

2.1 Ways to find out language dominance and lateralization210

2.2 Contributions of the right hemisphere214

3　Localization of Function215

4 Brain Maturation and Critical Age for Learning217

5　Language Handicap219

5.1 Aphasia219

5.2　Dyslexia221

6 Summary222

Exercises224

References224

Chapter 11 Language,Metaphor and Thought226

1 A Preliminary Question226

2 What Does Language Reflect?228

3 What Is the Nature of Thought?231

4 What Is the Nature of Categorization?234

4.1　The objectivist view of categorization235

4.2　The prototype theory of categorization238

5 Conceptual Metaphor240

6 Summary249

Exercises250

References251