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CHAPTER 11

Introduction1

CHAPTER 24

Theory Groups in Science4

2.1 Groups and'revolutions'4

2.2 Institutionalization6

2.3 Invisible Colleges and Scientific Networks8

2.3.1 Sociological specification of Kuhn's model9

2.3.2 Weighing the variables11

2.3.3 Formalization of the Griffith-Mullins Theory14

2.3.3.1 Prerequisites of scientific group formation14

2.3.3.2 The social bases of scientific revolutions15

2.3.3.3 Representing the theory17

CHAPTER 318

1950s Studies of Lexicons and Psychiatry18

3.1 The Whorfian Vogue19

3.2 Studies of Native American Linguistic Acculturation25

3.3 Morris Swadesh and Lexicostatistics27

3.4 Berkeley Linguistics during the 1950s31

3.5 Tragerian Explorations of'Metalinguistics'32

3.6 The Natural History of an Interview Project33

3.7 Gregory Bateson and the'Palo Alto School'36

3.7.1 Theoretical summary41

3.7.2 Influence42

3.8 Ray Birdwhistell's Study of Nonverbal Communication43

3.9 Pike's"Unified Theory"and Burke's Dramaturgical Analysis45

CHAPTER 447

Sociologies of Language47

4.1 The Chicago School Conception of Language Between the World Wars48

4.2 Cosmopolitan Communications49

4.3 Stanley Lieberson50

4.4 Joyce O.Hertzler51

4.5 John Reinecke52

4.6 Ralph Pieris54

4.7 Catholic University Urban Sociolinguistics54

CHAPTER 557

Language Contact and Early Sociolinguistics57

5.1 Einar Haugen58

5.2 Uriel Weinreich63

5.3 Joshua A.Fishman66

5.3.1 Students and Peers70

5.4 Wallace E.Lambert74

5.5 Roger Brown79

5.6 Exemplars of Sociolinguistics avant la lettre88

5.6.1 Address terms88

5.6.2 Goin'and explaining89

5.6.3 The Social Functions of Codes in Tucson and Los Angeles90

5.7 Summary92

CHAPTER 694

The Ethnography of Speaking94

6.1 The California Network94

6.1.1 Via Poona95

6.1.2 William Bright95

6.1.3 Charles Ferguson96

6.1.4 John Gumperz97

6.1.5 Susan Ervin-Tripp98

6.1.6 Dell Hymes100

6.1.7 Anthropological linguistics at Berkeley,c.1960101

6.1.8 Non-contact with symbolic interactionists103

6.1.9 Summary104

6.2 The Program105

6.3 Acceptance of the Line of Work109

6.3.1 Access to publication109

6.3.2 Reception of early publications111

6.4 The First Generation:An Elite Specialty112

6.5 Foundation of the Center for Applied Linguistics113

6.6 Foundation of the SSRC Sociolinguistics Committee114

6.7 Exemplars118

6.8 Paradigm Shift Under a Rhetoric of Continuity123

6.8.1 From homogeneous speech communities to continua and repertoires123

6.8.2 Commuuicative competence and creativity126

6.8.3 Rhetoric of continuity131

6.9 The Second Generation133

6.10 The Continued Non-Integration of Sociologists137

6.11 Institutionalization and Interdisciplinarity139

6.12 Theoretical Summary142

CHAPTER 7145

Related Perspectives145

7.1 Erving Goffman145

7.2 Conversation analysis155

7.2.1 Theoretical summary159

7.3 Basil Bernstein161

7.3.1 The Bernstein group166

7.3.2 Relationship to American Work166

7.4 William Labov167

7.4.1 Training and relation to earlier structuralist linguistics167

7.4.2 Prestige dialects170

7.4.3 Black English174

7.4.4 The context of Labov's work177

7.5 A (Belated)Note on 20th Century American Dialectology179

CHAPTER 8182

Ethnoscience182

8.1 Genealogy182

8.2 Ward Goodenough and Floyd Lounsbury183

8.3 Training186

8.4 Access to publication187

8.5 Communication Patterns188

8.6 Focus and Continuities188

8.7 Methods191

8.8 Domains Analyzed193

8.9 'Hocus Pocus'and Other Charges198

8.10 Disintegration201

8.11 Theoretical Summary206

CHAPTER 9210

1980s University of California Ethnolinguistics210

9.1 'Gumperzology':the study of inter-ethnic miscommunication210

9.2 Interpretive Sociolinguistics:Deborah Tannen220

9.3 'Cultural Consensus':The new ethnolinguistic formalism224

CHAPTER 10235

Midwestern Semiotics and Georgetown Pragmatics235

10.1 Indiana University235

10.2 Chicago Work on Reference and Entextualuization236

10.3 Georgetown University's Sociolinguistics Program239

CHAPTER 11240

The Turn Away from Language in Contemporary American Anthropology240

CHAPTER 12247

Conclusions247

12.1 Testing the Functionalist Model247

12.2 Accounting for Revolutions248

12.2.1 Recruitment248

12.2.2 Perceived Access to Recognition249

12.3 Co-ordination and Longevity of Theory Groups251

12.3.1 Multicenteredness251

12.3.2 Interdisciplinarity252

12.4 Summary253

12.5 Other Variables254

12.5.1 Scientific'Revolutions'255

12.5.2 Institutionalization256

12.5.3 Marginality257

An Appendix on Methods259

1．Why These Scholars?The Genesis of This Research259

2．Data Sources261

3．Interpreting264

4．Causality266

Bibliography267

Index328