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Chapter 1 Acquainting Yourself with Ethics A Tour o f the Ethics Hall o f Fame1

What You Will Learn from This Chapter2

Key Terms and Definitions2

Overview3

Exhibit 1—Knowledge and Reasoning3

A Life Unexamined Is Not Worth Living4

Exploring Virtue5

Knowledge and Virtue5

The Reasoning Process6

Socratic Reasoning7

The Death of Socrates8

Exhibit 2—Intellect and Truth9

Sources of Intellect9

Nature of the Truth10

Plato’s Divided Line11

Plato’s Dual Truths: Physical and Metaphysical12

Exhibit 3—The Nature of Reality13

Discovering Reality14

Aristotle’s Ethical Realism14

Exhibit 4—The Nature of Morality16

Morality and Ethics17

Morality Defined17

Moral Principles18

Relativist Views of Morality18

Situational Morality19

The Jimmy Carter Story20

Exhibit 5—Nature of Goodness21

The Good Life22

The Grammar of Goodness22

The Principle of Summum Bonum25

A Guiding Formula for Moral Judgment26

E=PJ227

E = PJ2 in Practice28

Summary31

Exhibit 6—Actions and Consequences32

Bad Actions/Good Consequences32

Good Actions/Bad Consequences33

The Utilitarian Measure34

Pioneers of Utilitarianism34

Exhibit 7—Determinism and Intentionalism36

Determinism36

Scientific Determinism37

Intentionalism38

Exhibit 8—The Ethical Person39

Profile of the Ethical Person40

Review Questions42

References43

Chapter 2 Familiarizing Yourself with Ethics Nature, Definitions, and Categories45

What You Will Learn from This Chapter46

Key Terms and Definitions46

Overview47

Captain Balian’s Story47

Was the Captain Right?48

Lieutenant Lotem’s Story49

Was the Lieutenant Right?50

Moral Judgment in Criminal Justice51

Warning: The Deception of Occupational Subculture52

Occupational Subculture53

The Philosophy of Wisdom54

Wisdom and Knowledge55

Fallacious Reasoning56

The Nature of Ethics58

Ethics Defined58

A Definitional Caveat59

The Scope of Ethics60

Ethical Theory61

Credibility of Ethics62

The Rule of Reasonableness62

Categories of Ethical Theory: Normative and Metaethics64

Normative Ethics65

Metaethics65

Normative Ethics: Deontological and Teleological67

Deontological Theory67

Teleological Theory68

Historical Origins of Ethics69

Metaphysical/Eternal Law View70

Religious View71

Social and Legalistic Views73

The Medieval View74

The Social Contract View75

Review Questions77

References78

Chapter 3 Understanding Criminal Justice Ethics Sources and Sanctions81

What You Will Learn from This Chapter82

Key Terms and Definitions82

Overview82

Ethics of Natural Law83

Natural Law Defined83

Natural Law as the Law of Humanity84

Relevance of Natural Law86

The Hierarchical Order of Virtues87

Moral Implications88

Ethics of Religious Testaments88

The Role of Religion in Society89

Radical Views of Religion90

Dysfunctions of Religion91

Religion and Ethics91

Ethics in Christianity92

Moral Implications94

Ethics of Constitutional Provisions95

Ethics of the U.S.Constitution96

Ethics of Law98

The Idea of Legitimacy99

Ethics of Positive Law100

The Edwin Meese Syndrome100

The Imperative of Ethical Discretion101

Ethical Discretion102

Incorruptibility103

Conclusions104

Professional Codes of Ethics105

The Function of Codes108

Ethics of Public Service109

Ethics of Professionalism111

Moral Implications113

Philosophical Theories of Ethics113

Review Questions114

References115

Chapter 4 Meeting the Masters Ethical Theories, Concepts, and Issues117

What You Will Learn from This Chapter118

Key Terms and Definitions118

Overview119

The Stoicism School: Ethics of Freedom from Passion, Moral Fortitude,and Tranquility （Epictetus）120

Introduction120

Epictetus: Inner Peace and Contentment through Self-Discipline123

Epictetus’s Ethical Theory124

Major Issues in Epictetus’s Ethical Philosophy124

The Hedonistic School: Ethics of the Pursuit of Pleasure （Aristippus and Epicurus）126

Introduction126

Aristippus: The Cyrenaic （Egotistic） School of Hedonism128

Aristippus’s Philosophical Theory128

Epicurus: The Epicurean School of Prudence, Tranquility, and Intellectual Hedonism129

Epicurus’s Ethical Theory130

Major Issues in Epicurus’s Ethical Philosophy130

The Virtue School: Ethics of Knowledge and Moral Character （Plato and Aristotle）132

Introduction132

Plato: The Virtues of Perfection through Knowledge and Justice133

Plato’s Philosophical Theory134

Major Issues in Plato’s Ethical Philosophy135

Aristotle: The Virtues of Moral Character and Self-Realization138

Aristotle’s Philosophical Theory139

Major Issues in Aristotle’s Ethical Philosophy140

The Religious （Scholastic） School: Ethics of the Love of God （Augustine and Aquinas）144

Introduction144

Saint Augustine: Spiritual Safety and the Happiness of Salvation145

Saint Augustine’s Ethical Theory146

Major Issues in Saint Augustine’s Ethical Philosophy148

Saint Thomas Aquinas: Morality as the Vision of God150

Aquinas’s Ethical Theory151

Major Issues in Aquinas’s Ethical Philosophy152

The Naturalistic School: Ethics of Egoism and Power （Hobbes and Nietzsche）155

Introduction155

Thomas Hobbes: Ethics of “Might Makes Right”156

Hobbes’s Ethical Theory157

Major Issues in Hobbes’s Ethical Philosophy158

Friedrich Nietzsche: Ethics of the Superman160

Nietzsche’s Ethical Theory161

Major Issues in Nietzsche’s Ethical Philosophy162

Ethics of Utilitarianism （Bentham）164

Introduction164

Jeremy Bentham: Ethical Hedonism and Social Happiness166

Bentham’s Ethical Theory167

Major Issues in Bentham’s Ethical Philosophy168

Ethics of Duty and Reason （Kant）171

Introduction171

Kant’s Ethical Theory172

Major Issues in Kant’s Ethical Philosophy173

The Existential School: Ethics of Moral Individualism and Freedom of Choice （Sartre and de Beauvoir）176

Introduction176

Sartre and de Beauvoir178

Major Issues in Existential Theory179

Ethics of Social Justice （Rawls）182

Introduction182

John Rawls: Ethics of Social Justice184

Rawls’s Ethical Theory184

Major Issues in Rawls’s Ethical Philosophy186

Review Questions189

References190

Chapter 5 The Ambivalent Reality Major Unethical Themes in Criminal Justice Management193

What You Will Learn from This Chapter194

Key Terms and Definitions194

Overview194

The Imperative of Ethics in Criminal Justice196

A House on the Sand: The Spoils of Management198

The Cunning of Unethical Management199

The Harvest of Shame200

Principle-Based Management201

The Challenge of Principle-Based Management202

Rethinking Professionalism204

The Truth of Professionalism: Looking Good versus Being Good205

The Lungs of Professionalism: Integrated Thinking and Moral Agility206

Institutional Integrity207

Rushmorean Criminal Justice Agencies209

A Profile of Rushmorean Courage: Coleen Rowley, the FBI Agent Who Directed Her Boss210

The Extent of Corruption in Criminal Justice Agencies213

The Root Sins in Criminal Justice Management214

References215

Chapter 6 Lying and Deception in Criminal Justice217

What You Will Learn from This Chapter218

Key Terms and Definitions218

Introduction and Confession218

General Theory of Lying219

The Origins of Lying220

The Doctrine of Veracity222

Can Lying Be Morally Justifiable?222

Basic Rules on Lying224

The Extent of Lying225

Institutional Lying in Criminal Justice227

Lying in Policing228

Lying in Probation229

Lying in Parole230

Lying in Corrections231

Conclusions232

Review Questions232

References233

Chapter 7 Racial Prejudice and Racial Discrimination235

What You Will Learn From This Chapter236

Key Terms and Definitions236

Overview237

Glimpses of Racism in Criminal Justice237

Nature of Racial Injustice239

The Wilberforce Story240

The Ethical View of Racial Injustice241

Basic Theory of Prejudice241

Prejudice and Knowledge243

Targets of Prejudice244

Types of Prejudice: Cultural and Psychological244

Basic Theory of Discrimination246

Roots of Racism247

The Mystical Conception of Racism247

The Biological Conception of Racism249

Social and Legal Conceptions of Racism253

The Social View253

The Legal View255

Institutional Racism257

Reverse Discrimination258

Is the Criminal Justice System Racist?260

The Debate260

Accusations against Police261

Accusations against the Correctional System262

Accusations against Parole262

The Wilbanks Rebuttal262

Exploratory Issues in Racism263

Moral Guidelines in Understanding Racism264

Conclusions266

Review Questions266

References267

Chapter 8 Egoism and the Abuse of Authority269

What You Will Learn from This Chapter270

Key Terms and Definitions270

Overview270

Glimpses of Egoism in Criminal Justice271

Perceptions of Egoism in Criminal Justice273

The Blindness of Egoism275

Types of Egoism276

Egoism—The Natural View Theory276

Hobbes’s Theory of Natural Egoism277

Egoism—The Altruistic View Theory277

Butler’s Theory of Altruistic Egoism278

Official Responsibility: The Antidote for Natural Egoism280

Official Responsibility281

Authority Defined281

Power Defined282

Egoism as Deadly Force282

Capital Punishment as State Egoism284

The Abolitionist View285

The Retentionist View286

Comments and Questions to Ponder287

Egoism—Ethics of Means and Ends290

The Dirty Harry Scenario292

The D’Angelo versus Kirkham Scenario292

Discussion293

Ethical Guidelines295

Conclusions295

Review Questions296

References297

Chapter 9 Misguided Loyalties To Whom, to What, at What Price?301

What You Will Learn from This Chapter302

Key Terms and Definitions302

Overview303

The Continuing Controversy304

The Ideal of Loyalty305

The Grammar of Workplace Loyalties306

The Physiology of Personal Loyalty to Superiors308

The Peculiar Nature of Personal Loyalty to Superiors309

The Paradoxical Nature of Personal Loyalty to Superiors310

Cases in Point312

Case No.1: A Police Situation312

Case No.2: A Corrections Situation312

Discussion313

Two Controlling Realities314

Five Investigatory Questions315

Three Self-Evident Truths316

First: Contractible and Noncontractible Obligations316

Second: The Primacy of Justice in the Equation of Criminal Justice316

Third: Institutional Integrity317

Logical Findings317

Cultural and Ethical Concerns318

Unionized versus Nonunionized Agencies320

The Goliath of Disloyalty320

The Strain of Personal Loyalty to Superiors322

Arguments in Support of Personal Loyalty to Superiors322

Personal Loyalty to Superiors Fosters Supererogation323

Personal Loyalty to Superiors Bolsters Institutional Responsibility323

Personal Loyalty to Superiors Inhibits Organizational Disloyalty324

Personal Loyalty to Superiors Enhances Institutional Integrity324

Arguments against Personal Loyalty to Superiors325

The Ethical Imperative: The Duty-Based Thesis326

First: The Use of the Word Loyalty Should Be Avoided in the Context of Relationships between Superiors and Subordinates326

Second: Dutiful Supervision Should Be Strengthened327

Third: Professional Accountability Should Be Maximized327

Review Questions329

References329

Chapter 10 Ethics of Criminal Justice Today What Is Being Done and What Can Be Done?333

What You Will Learn from This Chapter334

Key Terms and Definitions334

Overview334

The Dual Essence of Criminal Justice: The Social Order and the Moral Order336

The Dual Practice of Criminal Justice: The Ideal Model and the Serviceable Model337

The Serviceable Model: Moral Double Bookkeeping339

Physiology of the Serviceable Model340

Critique of the Serviceable Model341

Where Do We Go from Here?341

References342

Chapter 11 Ethics and Police345

What You Will Learn from This Chapter346

Key Terms and Definitions346

Overview346

The Problematic Nature of Policing347

The Peculiar Environment of the Police349

The Semiprofessional Professionals350

The Police Prerogative to Abuse Power352

Concerns Pertinent to the Nature of Police Power352

Concerns Pertinent to Lack of Trust353

The Police in Search of a Soul353

The Intellectual Virtue: Ethics of Democracy354

Why Not Democracy?355

Democratic Ethics357

Basic Democratic Principles358

The Rodney King Case359

Haven’t We Learned Anything Yet?360

The Farther Reaches of Democratic Ethics361

The Moral Virtue: Ethics of Shunning Corruption363

Corruption Defined363

Scope of Police Corruption364

The Dust and Ashes of Corruption365

Hedonistic and Obligatory Corruption366

Gratuities, Bribes, and Payoffs366

Theft and Burglary367

Sexual Misconduct367

When Police Are Out of Control367

Obligatory Corruption369

The Obligatory Ethic Not to Deceive370

Can Corruption Be Administratively Stopped?372

Review Questions373

References374

Chapter 12 Ethics and Corrections （Prisons）377

What You Will Learn from This Chapter378

Key Terms and Definitions378

Overview378

The Corrections Debate380

Ethics of Life for Life: The Influence of Beccaria381

Ethics of Life for Life: The Morality of Punishment383

Ethics of Life for Life: The Moral Justifications for Prisons384

Retribution385

Prevention/Incapacitation385

Deterrence386

Rehabilitation386

Ethics of Life for Life: A Society That Loves Walls387

Ethics of Life for Life: Putting Pain Back into Prisons388

From the Ethics of Life for Life to the Ethics of Man and Corrections:Changing Attitudes about Prisons390

Ethics of Contemporary Corrections392

Ethics of Retribution392

Lex Talionis392

Punishment Works393

Ethics of Treatment395

Does Rehabilitation Work?396

Methods of Rehabilitation397

The State of Rehabilitation Today397

Ethics of Man and Corrections: What Good Is Brutality?398

The Brutality Issue400

Ethics of Man and Corrections: The Scapegoating Theory401

The Influence of Foucault402

Ethics of Man and Corrections: The Holier-than-Thou Syndrome403

Crime as Virus404

A Camp of Outcasts405

Ethics of Man and Corrections: We’re All Doing Time406

Ethics of Man and Corrections: Postcards from Prison407

Ethics of Man and Corrections: Rehabilitation through Inner Corrections409

Inner Corrections409

The Future of Inner Corrections410

Corruption of Prison Personnel411

Patterns of Prison Corruption412

Assessment of Prison Corruption415

Review Questions416

References417

Chapter 13 Ethics of Probation and Parole421

What You Will Learn from This Chapter422

Key Terms and Definitions422

Overview422

The Professional Orientation of Probation and Parole423

The Probation Mystique425

The Borderless Community426

The Yellow Wind428

Romancing the Stone or Stoning the Romance: Ethics of Community-Based Corrections429

The Case for Community-Based Corrections430

The Case against Community-Based Corrections432

The Leniency View of Morris and Tonry432

Intensive Probation433

Electronic Monitoring435

The Severity View of von Hirsh437

Proportionality and Desert437

Restrictions against Humiliation and Degradation438

Implications Concerning the Privacy of Third Parties438

Work Strategies of Probation and Parole Practitioners439

Common Unethical Practices in Probation/Parole440

Ethical Choices in Probation/Parole442

The Punitive/Law Enforcement Practitioner442

The Welfare/Therapeutic Practitioner442

The Passive/Time Server Practitioner443

The Combined Model Practitioner443

Review Questions444

References445

Chapter 14 The Truth Revealed Civility—The Mother o f All Virtues449

What You Will Learn from This Chapter450

Key Terms and Definitions450

In Essence450

Overview451

The Machination of Ethics: Morality and Civility452

Civility Defined455

Creating a Climate Conducive to Civility457

Ⅰ: Developing an Enlightened Mind457

Ⅱ: Creating a Climate Conducive to Civility460

Ⅲ: Preserving Justice Above All461

Ⅳ: Strengthening Civility and Democracy463

Ⅴ: Promoting the Common Good465

Ⅵ: Reinforcing Integrated Knowledge467

Ⅶ: What the Theorists Say468

Civility by George Washington468

Civility by James Q.Wilson468

Civility by Tom Morris470

Civility by James O’Toole471

Ⅷ: Five Stories to Remember472

1.Rudeness at the Houston Airport472

2.The Finnish Minister473

3.Is There Crime in New Zealand?474

4.Civility among Enemies475

5.The Pope Who Made Civility a Religion476

Conclusions478

Review Questions479

References480

Chapter 15 What Can Be Done to Restore Ethics? Concluding Comments481

Reflections and Ethical Lessons to Teach482

An Ethical Lesson to Teach Criminal Justice Practitioners483

Name Index485

Subject Index493