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PART Ⅰ STARTING OFF1

1 Introduction3

1 Private international law3

2 Names and what they mean3

3 What is it based on?5

4 International uniformity of result: a grand objective?5

PART Ⅱ JURISDICTION9

2 Jurisdiction: an analysis11

1 What is jurisdiction?11

2 Jurisdiction in personam12

3 Jurisdiction in remn12

4 Objectives12

4.1 Conflicting judgments13

4.2 Enforcement13

4.3 Keeping the parties to their agreements14

4.4 Wasting time and resources14

4.5 Offending foreign States14

4.6 Fairness to the defendant14

4.7 Countervailing considerations15

5 Principles of jurisdiction in personam15

6 Principles of jurisdiction in rem16

Further reading17

3 Jurisdiction under EC law18

1 Background18

2 Origin of the Brussels I Regulation19

3 The Lugano Convention20

4 Basic principles21

5 Defendants from third countries22

6 Domicile24

6.1 Area of domicile24

6.2 Domicile of natural persons (individuals)25

6.3 United Kingdom rules of domicile (individuals)25

6.4 Domicile of legal persons (corporations)27

6.5 The role of domicile28

7 Jurisdiction irrespective of domicile29

8 Which instrument applies?29

9 Subject-matter scope30

9.1 What law decides?31

LTU v. Eurocontrol31

9.2 Applying the test34

Netherlands v. Rüffer34

Baten36

Further reading38

General works on the Brussels Convention, the Brussels Regulation and the Lugano Convention39

4 EC law: special jurisdiction40

1 Article 540

1.1 Contracts40

1.1.1 When does a claim relate to contract?41

Handtev. TMCS41

1.1.2 The place of performance45

Tessili v. Dunlop45

1.1.3 The obligation in question47

1.1.4 The revised version of Article 5(1)48

Color Drack v. LEXX International48

1.1.5 Contracts not covered by Article 5(1)52

1.2 Tort52

Bier v. Mines de Potasse d'Alsace53

Marinari v. Lloyds Bank55

1.3 Branches, agencies and other establishments57

1.3.1 What constitutes a branch, agency or other establish-ment?57

1.3.2 What disputes are covered?58

Lloyd s Register of Shipping v. Campenon Bernard58

Anton Durbeck v. Den Norske Bank60

2 Multiple parties62

Reisch Montage v. Kiesel Baumaschinen64

3 Counterclaims65

4 Weak parties66

4.1 Employment contracts66

Mulox v. Geels68

5 Exclusive jurisdiction70

5.1 Scope70

Webb v. Webb71

5.2 Non-member States72

6 Procedure73

7 Conclusions76

Further reading76

5 The traditional English rules77

1 Introduction77

2 Service of the claim form77

Colt Industries Inc. v. Sarlie79

Maharanee of Baroda v. Wildenstein81

3 Service on a company83

3.1 Introduction83

3.2 Company's own office84

Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co. Ltd v. A. G. Cudell ？ Co.84

South India Shipping v. Bank of Korea86

3.3 Acting through an agent87

Adams v. Cape Industries88

3.4 A short-lived anomaly90

Saab v. Saudi American Bank92

3.5 Subsidiaries95

3.6 Conclusions95

4 Service outside the jurisdiction96

4.1 Introduction96

4.2 Contracts97

4.2.1 Contract made within the jurisdiction97

4.2.2 Made by or through an agent trading or residing within the jurisdiction98

4.2.3 Governed by English law99

4.2.4 Choice-of-court clause99

4.2.5 Breach committed within the jurisdiction99

4.2.6 Declaration that no contract exists99

4.3 Tort99

Metall und Rohstoff v. Donaldson Lufkin ？ Jenrette100

4.4 Multiple parties101

4.5 Weak parties101

5 Jurisdiction by consent102

6 Exclusive jurisdiction102

7 Conclusions103

Further reading104

6 Developments in Canada105

1 Introduction105

2 Ontario106

3 Service out of the jurisdiction in tort cases106

Muscutt v. Courcelles107

Gajraj v. DeBernardo119

Lemmex v. Sunflight Holidays Inc.122

4 Tort cases in Quebec125

Spar Aerospace Ltd v. American Mobile Satellite Corporation125

5 Uniform law129

6 Conclusions130

Further reading131

7 US law: an outline132

1 The US legal system132

1.1 Federal jurisdiction133

1.2 Applicable law135

1.2.1 State courts135

1.2.2 Federal courts135

2 International jurisdiction136

2.1 State courts136

2.1.1 The 'minimum contacts' doctrine136

International Shoe Co. v. State of Washington136

2.1.2 Specific jurisdiction138

World-Wide Volkswagen Corporation v. Woodson139

2.1.3 General jurisdiction142

Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia v. Hall ('Helicol'case)142

2.1.4 Transient jurisdiction145

Burnham v. Superior Court of California145

2.2 Federal courts150

United States of America v. Swiss American Bank151

3 Venue155

4 The United States and Europe Conpared156

4.1 Cases where European jurisdiction is more exten-sive156

4.2 Cases where American jurisdiction is more exten-sive158

4.2.1 Individuals158

4.2.2 Companies159

4.3 Assessment161

5 Conclusions161

Further reading162

8 Choice-of-court agreements163

1 Introduction163

1.1 Court specified163

1.2 Exclusive jurisdiction163

1.3 Asymmetric choice-of-court agreements164

1.4 Proceedings covered164

2 The European Community164

2.1 Introduction164

2.2 Consent and form166

2.2.1 Sub-paragraph (a)167

Berghoef er v. ASA168

2.2.2 Sub-paragraph (b)169

2.2.3 Sub-paragraph (c)169

Mainschiffahrts-Genossenschaft eG v. Les Gravières Rhénanes169

2.2.4 Electronic communications172

2.2.5 Relationship with Article 5(1)172

2.3 Choice-of-court agreement in the constitution of a com-pany173

2.4 Validity173

Elefanten Schuh v. Jacqmain174

2.5 Effect on third parties175

2.6 Insurance contracts, consumer contracts and employ-ment contracts176

2.7 The Community and the outside world176

2.7.1 Choice-of-court agreement in favour of the English courts178

2.7.2 Choice-of-court agreement in favour of the courts of a non-member State179

2.8 Arbitration agreements180

3 England180

The Fehmarn181

The Eleftheria182

Carvalho v. Hull Blyth Ltd185

4 The United States189

M/S Bremen v. Zapata Offshore Company189

Carnival Cruise Lines v. Shute194

Vimar Seguros v. M/V Sky Reefer198

5 The Hague Choice-of-Court Convention201

6 Conclusions204

Further reading204

9 Forum non conveniens and antisuit injunctions205

1 Introduction205

2 England207

2.1 Forum non conveniens207

Spiliada Maritime Corporation v. Cansulex212

2.2 Antisuit injunctions222

Société Nationale Industrielle Aérospatiale v. Lee Kui Jak223

2.3 Conclusions228

3 The United States229

3.1 Forum non conveniens229

Piper Aircraft v. Reyno230

3.2 Antisuit injunctions235

4 Conclusions235

Further reading235

10 Overlapping jurisdiction in EC law237

1 Lispendens237

1.1 The same cause of action238

Gubisch Maschinenfabrik v. Palumbo238

1.2 The same parties240

1.3 Related proceedings240

1.4 Conclusions241

2 Forum non conveniens241

Owusu v. Jackson243

3 Antisuit injunctions250

Turner v. Grovit250

4 Choice-of-court agreements and the 'Italian torpedo'254

Gasser v. MISRAT255

5 Arbitration: a 'torpedo-free' zone259

Marc Rich and Co. v. Società Italiana Impianti259

6 Conclusions263

Appendix263

Further reading264

11 Special topics - Ⅰ265

1 Products liability265

1.1 England265

Distillers Co. v. Thompson266

Castree v. Squibb Ltd269

1.2 Canada270

Moran v. Pyle National (Canada) Ltd270

1.3 The United States272

Asahi Metal Industry v. Superior Court of California272

1.4 Conclusions276

2 Defamation277

2.1 Introduction277

2.2 EClaw278

Shevill v. Presse Alliance SA278

2.3 English law282

King v. Lewis282

Further reading287

12 Special topics - Ⅱ288

1 Intellectual property288

1.1 EC law289

Duijnstee v. Goderbauer290

Gesellschaft für Antriebstechnik mbH ？ Co. KG (GAT)v. Lamellen und Kupplungsbau Beteiligungs KG (LuK)291

Roche Nederland v. Primus and Goldenberg295

1.2 English law300

Coin Controls v. Suzo International (UK)300

1.3 The Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements302

2 Multinationals and the Third World303

2.1 Introduction303

2.2 The United States304

Dow Chemical Company v. Castro Alfaro305

Aguinda v. Texaco Inc.306

2.3 England310

Lubbev. Cape plc311

2.4 Conclusions316

Further reading316

Intellectual property316

Multinationals316

PART Ⅲ FOREIGN JUDGMENTS317

13 Introduction to Part Ⅲ319

1 Principles319

2 Recognition and enforcement319

3 Theories319

4 Giving effect to a judgment320

5 Resjudicata and estoppel320

Further reading321

14 EClaw322

1 Introduction322

2 Principles323

3 Jurisdiction324

4 Judgments outside the scope of the Regulation325

5 Public policy325

Krombach v. Bamberski326

6 Conflicting judgments332

6.1 Judgments from the State of recognition333

6.2 Judgments from another State333

6.3 Judgments outside the scope of the Regulation333

Hoffmann v. Krieg333

7 Conflicts with an arbitration award336

8 Provisional measures337

9 Choice-of-court agreements337

10 Arbitration agreements337

11 Fraud338

12 Natural justice339

13 Conclusions342

Appendix: principal grounds on which recognition may be refused342

Further reading343

15 English law: jurisdiction344

1 Theoretical basis for recognition and enforcement344

2 Legislation345

3 Jurisdiction346

3.1 'Home-court' jurisdiction347

3.1.1 Individuals347

Adams v. Cape Industries347

Richman v. Ben-Tovim349

3.1.2 Corporations350

Vogel v. Kohnstamm Ltd351

3.2 'Cause-of-action' jurisdiction353

3.3 Submission354

3.4 Exceptions355

3.5 Conclusions356

Further reading357

16 English law: defences358

1 Fraud358

Owens Bank v. Bracco359

Owens Bank Ltd v. Fulvio Bracco and Bracco Industria Chimica SpA364

2 Public policy, natural justice and human rights367

3 Taxes, penalties and other rules of public law369

Huntington v. Attrill369

United States of America v. Inkley373

4 Conflicting judgments375

5 Resjudicata and issue estoppel375

The Sennar (No. 2)376

5.1 English law or EC law?380

5.2 Judgment for the claimant381

Further reading381

17 The Canadian conflicts (judgments) revolution382

1 Jurisdiction of the foreign court382

Morguard Investments Ltd v. De Savoye382

2 Enforcement of non-money judgments391

Pro Swing Inc. v. Elta Golf Inc.391

3 Conclusions393

Further reading393

18 US law: some highlights394

1 Reciprocity394

2 Uniform legislation394

Bank of Montreal v. Kough396

Appendix: foreign-judgment recognition legislation(UK and US)399

Major heads ofjurisdiction of the foreign court399

Other requirements and defences399

Further reading400

PART Ⅳ PROCEDURE401

19 Freezing assets403

1 Introduction403

2 Procedure404

Third Chandris Shipping Corporation v. Unimarine SA404

3 Third parties406

Z Ltd v. A-Z406

4 Jurisdiction411

5 Worldwide orders412

5.1 Worldwide orders in aid of foreign proceedings412

Crédit Suisse Fides Trust SA v. Cuoghi413

Motorola Credit Corporation v. Uzan (No. 2)417

5.2 Worldwide orders and third parties424

Derby ？ Co. Ltd v. Weldon (Nos. 3 and 4)424

Bank of China v. NBM LLC425

5.3 Conclusions427

6 Commonwealth countries428

7 The United States428

Grupo Mexicano de Desarrollo SAv. Alliance Bond Fund Inc.428

United States v. First National City Bank429

8 The European Union431

8.1 Jurisdiction over the substance432

Denilauler v. Couchet Frè res432

8.2 No jurisdiction over the substance434

Van Uden v. Deco Line434

Mietz v. Intership Yachting Sneek439

8.3 Enforcing a judgment from another Member State442

Banco Nacional de Comercio Exterior SNC v. Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Cuba SA442

8.4 When does the Regulation apply?445

8.4.1 Subject-matter scope446

8.4.2 Judgment in another Member State446

8.4.3 No judgment in another Member State446

8.4.4 A court of another Member State is seised first446

8.4.5 No other Member State court is seised447

8.4.6 Conclusions447

Further reading448

20 Obtaining evidence abroad: forum procedures449

1 Evidence from parties to the proceedings449

1.1 England449

Lonrho Ltd v. Shell Petroleum Co. Ltd450

1.2 United States454

Société Internationale v. Rogers454

2 Evidence from third parties456

2.1 England456

Bankers Trust Co. v. Shapira457

Mackinnon v. Donaldson, Lufkin ？ Jenrette Securities Corporation458

Altertext Inc. v. Advanced Data Communications Ltd464

2.2 The United States467

In re Grand Jury Proceedings Bank of Nova Scotia467

3 Foreign proceedings472

X AG v. A Bank (also known as X, Y and Z v. B)472

4 Conclusions476

Further reading476

21 Obtaining evidence abroad: international co-operation477

1 Introduction477

2 England479

2.1 'Fishing expeditions'479

In re Asbestos Insurance Coverage Cases479

2.2 Civil or commercial matters480

In Re State of Norway's Application480

3 The United States488

4 England: initiative by a party488

South Carolina Insurance Co. v. Assurantie Maatschappij 'de Zeven Provincien' NV489

5 The Hague Convention: a blocking device?493

Société Nationale Industrielle Aérospatiale v. Unitd States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa493

6 Conclusions498

Further reading498

PART Ⅴ CHOICE OF LAW501

22 Introduction to choice of law503

1 Why apply foreign law?503

2 Traditional choice-of-law theory504

2.1 The methodology of categorization504

2.2 Substance and procedure505

2.3 Some basic ideas505

2.3.1 The personal law: individuals506

2.3.2 The personal law: companies506

McDermott Inc. v. Lewis507

2.3.3 The lex situs511

2.3.4 The lex loci actus511

2.4 Methodological problems and escape devices511

2.4.1 Characterization512

2.4.2 Renvoi513

2.4.3 Public policy514

3 Choice-of-lawrules in internationalinstruments514

4 American theories515

4.1 Interest analysis515

4.2 The primacy offorumlaw519

4.3 The 'better-law' theory519

5 Proof of foreign law520

Anton Durbeck v. Den Norske Bank522

6 Conclusions527

Further reading528

23 Torts530

1 England: historical development530

The Halley530

Phillips v. Eyre531

Machado v. Fontes533

2 The Rome Ⅱ Regulation: general rule535

2.1 The country in which the damage occurs535

2.2 Common habitual residence536

2.2.1 Rules of the road536

2.2.2 Multi-party cases537

2.2.3 Meaning of 'country'537

2.2.4 Meaning of 'habitual residence'538

2.3 Flexibility539

3 Pre-existing relationship539

McLean v. Pettigrew540

M'Elroy v. M'Allister540

Babcock v. Jackson542

Neilson v. Overseas Projects Corporation of Victoria Ltd544

4 Common origin547

Dym v. Gordon547

Chaplin v. Boys550

5 US law: interest analysis and the 'better law' theory552

Milkovich v. Saari552

Rong Yao Zhou v. Jennifer Mall Restaurant Inc.554

Bernhard v. Harrah's Club555

6 The Rome Ⅱ Regulation: special rules558

6.1 Products liability559

6.1.1 Structure559

6.1.2 Primary rule559

6.1.3 Second-ranking rule559

6.1.4 Third-ranking rule559

6.1.5 Fourth-ranking rule560

6.1.6 Product marketed560

6.1.7 No rule applicable560

6.1.8 Conclusions562

6.2 Intellectual property562

7 Defamation563

8 Choiceoflaw563

Appendix: subject-matter scope of the Regulation564

Further reading565

24 Contracts: the principle of party autonomy566

1 Introduction566

2 The theory of the proper law566

3 The Rome Convention571

4 The Rome I Regulation571

4.1 Subject-matter scope571

4.2 International scope572

4.3 Meaning of 'country'573

4.4 Express choice573

4.4.1 Freedom of choice573

4.4.2 Non-state law573

4.5 Implied choice574

Amin Rasheed Shipping Corporation v. Kuwait Insurance Co.574

Oldendorff v. Libera Corporation578

4.6 Applicable law in the absence of choice580

4.6.1 Structure and general principles580

4.6.2 Meaning of 'habitual residence'583

4.6.3 Linked contracts584

Bank of Baroda v. Vysya Bank585

4.6.4 The escape clause588

Definitely Maybe Ltd v. Lieberberg GmbH589

Kenburn Waste Management Ltd v. Bergmann593

4.6.5 Exceptions594

4.6.6 Carriage of goods594

4.6.7 Carriage of passengers594

4.7 The problem of consent595

4.8 Capacity596

4.9 Other provisions597

Further reading598

25 Contracts: legal policy and choice of law599

1 Introduction599

2 Terminology599

3 The Rome I Regulation600

3.1 Purely domestic contracts601

3.2 Consumer contracts602

3.3 Individual employment contracts603

3.4 Contracts concerning immovable property606

3.5 Overriding mandatory provisions606

3.5.1 Overriding mandatory provisions of the forum607

Ingmar GB Ltd v. Eaton Leonard Technologies Inc.608

3.5.2 Overriding mandatory provisions of foreign law611

4 Foreign illegality under English Common law611

4.1 Initial illegality611

4.1.1 Contracts to commit a crime611

Foster v. Driscoll611

Regazzoni v. K. C. Serhia (1944) Ltd613

4.1.2 Foreign public policy617

Lemenda Trading Co. Ltd v. African Middle East Petroleum Co. Ltd618

4.1.3 Wider forms of illegality619

Euro-Diam Ltd v. Bathurst620

4.1.4 Arbitration622

Soleimany v. Soleimany622

4.2 Supervening illegality625

Ralli Brothers v. Compania Naviera Sota y Aznar625

4.3 Conclusions627

5 Foreign illegality under US law627

Triad Financial Establishment v. Tumpane Company629

Business Incentives Co. v. Sony Corporation of America631

Further reading632

26 Gontracts: regulating business, protecting employees and helping consumers633

1 Legal principles633

2 Estate agents634

Freehold Land Investments Ltd v. Oueensland Estates Pty Ltd634

Dorothy K. Winston ？ Co. v. Town Heights Development Inc.636

3 Lawyers638

Newcomb v. Daniels, Saltz, Mongeluzzi ？ Barrett Ltd638

4 Employees642

4.1 Exemption clauses642

Sayers v. International Drilling Co. NV643

Brodin v. A/R Seljan649

4.2 Agreements not to compete651

Nasco Inc. v. Gimbert652

Nordson Corporation v. Plasschaert653

Barnes Group Inc. v. C？C Products Inc.656

5 Consumers660

English v. Donnelly660

Further reading663

27 Foreign currency664

1 Exchange controls664

1.1 Exchange controls of the forum664

Boissevain v. Weil665

1.2 Foreign exchange controls667

1.2.1 General principles667

Kleinwort, Sons and Company v. Ungarische Baumwolle Industrie667

1.2.2 The IMF Agreement668

Wilson, Smithett ？ Cope Ltd v. Terruzzi669

Sing Batra v. Ebrahim672

United City Merchants v. Royal Bank of Canada673

1.3 Conclusions675

2 Claims in foreign currency676

2.1 The 'breach-date' rule676

Competex v. LaBow676

Indag SAv. Irridelco Corporation678

2.2 Judgment in foreign currency679

Miliangos v. George Frank (Textiles) Ltd679

Owners of the Eleftherotria v. Owners of the Despina R684

Services Europe Atlantique Sud v. Stockholms Rederiaktiebolag Svea684

Attorney General of Ghana v. Texaco Overseas Tankships Ltd690

2.3 Developments in New York693

3 Currency-exchange loss693

Ozalid Group (Export) Ltd v. African Continental Bank Ltd693

Further reading694

28 Property: tangible movables696

1 Introduction696

2 Stolen property697

Winkworth v. Christie Manson and Woods Ltd697

3 Tax claims702

Brokaw v. Seatrain UK Ltd702

4 Nationalization: England and its colonies704

Luther Co. v. Sagor ？ Co.704

Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. ttdv. Jaffrate (The Rose Mary)706

Re Helbert Wagg ？ Co. Ltd709

5 Nationalization:United States710

Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino710

Nelson Bunker Hunt v. Coastal States Gas Producing Company715

6 Conclusions717

Oppenheimer v. Cattermole717

Further reading719

29 Contractual rights and property interests - Ⅰ720

1 Introduction720

2 Situs720

3 The distinction between contract and property721

4 Contractualdebts andbonds721

Re Helbert Wagg ？ Co. Ltd721

National Bank of Greece and Athens v. Metliss727

Adams v. National Bank of Greece730

5 Bank accounts734

Libyan Arab Foreign Bank v. Bankers Trust Co.734

6 Letters of credit740

Power Curber International Ltd v. National Bank of Kuwait740

7 Voluntary assignments: the Rome I Regulation743

7.1 The structure of Article 14743

7.2 The problem of characterization (classification)744

Raiffeisen Zentralbank Osterreich v. Five Star Trading745

7.3 When will each paragraph of Article 14 apply?752

7.4 What law should apply under paragraph 3?753

7.5 The lex situs755

Further reading755

30 Contractual rights and property interests - Ⅱ756

1 Shares756

1.1 The common law756

Braun v. Custodian756

Macmillan Inc. v. Bishopsgate Investment Trust plc(No. 3)759

Williams ？ Humbert Ltd v. W？H Trade Marks (Jersey)Ltd761

1.2 The Rome I Regulation765

2 Third-party debt orders and garnishment765

2.1 English law766

Deutsche Schachtbau- und Tiefbohrgesellschaft mbHv. Ras Al-Khaimah National Oil Co767

Société Eram Shipping Co. Ltd v. Compagnie Internationale de Navigation772

2.2 EC law775

3 Conclusions776

Further reading776

31 Contractual rights and property interests - Ⅲ777

1 Original approach777

Republic of Iraq v. First National City Bank777

United Bank Ltd v. Cosmic International Inc.779

Vishipco Line v. Chase Manhattan Bank782

2 New approaches783

Tabacalera Severiano Jorge SAv. Standard Cigar784

Allied Bank International v. Banco Credito Agricola de Cartago785

Callejo v. Bancomer788

Braka v. Bancomer791

3 Situs under US law791

4 The Hickenlooper Amendment792

French v. Banco Nacional de Cuba792

5 Conclusions797

5.1 England and the US compared797

5.2 Should English law be changed?798

Further reading799

PART Ⅵ EXTRATERRITORIALITY801

32 Introduction to Extraterritoriality803

1 What Is Extraterritoriality?803

2 Jurisdiction to enforce804

United States v. Alvarez-Machain804

Further reading809

33 Extraterritorial application of US antitrust law810

1 Introduction810

2 Act of state and choice of law810

American Banana Company v. United Fruit Company811

3 About turn!814

United States v. Sisal Sales Corporation814

4 The effects doctrine816

United States v. Aluminum Company of America816

5 Abalancing exercise818

Timberlane Lumber Co. v. Bank of America Ⅰ818

Timberlane Lumber Co. v. Bank of America Ⅱ822

6 The new hard line825

Hartford Fire Insurance Co. v. California825

Further reading831

34 The international response832

1 Patents832

British Nylon Spinners v. ICI832

2 Obtaining evidence835

Westinghouse Electric Corporation Uranium Contract Litigation (Rio Tinto Zinc v. Westinghouse)836

Westinghouse Electric Corporation v. Duquesne Light Co.839

3 Meanwhile, back in the USA...841

In re Westinghouse Electric Corporation Uranium Contracts Litigation841

In re Uranium Antitrust Litigation843

4 The Protection of Trading Interests Act 1980845

4.1 General845

4.2 Overseas measures845

4.3 Obtaining evidence846

4.4 Criminal penalties846

4.5 Foreign judgments846

4.6 'Claw-back'847

4.7 Conclusions847

5 The Laker Airways case848

6 The Soviet gas pipeline849

7 The Helms-Burton Act850

8 Conclusions851

Further reading851

35 Extraterritorial application of EC competition law853

1 Introduction853

2 Dyestuffs854

ICI v. Commission854

3 Wood pulp857

Ahlstr？m v. Commission857

4 Conclusions861

Bibliography862

Index864