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CHAPTER Ⅰ．PHYLUM PROTOZOA1

1．00．Class Mastigophora(Flagellata)1

1．10．Subclass Phytomastigina1

1．11．Order Euglenoidida—Euglena1

1．12．Order Dinoflagellida—Ceratium4

1．13．Order Phytomonadida(Volvocina)—Chlamydomonas5

1．20．Subclass Zoomastigina7

1．21．Order Protomonadida—Trypanosoma7

2．00．Class Sarcodina(Rhizopoda)9

2．01．Order Lobosa(Amoebina)—Amoeba9

Order Lobosa(Amoebina)—Entamocba11

2．02．Order Heliozoa—Actinosphaerium12

2．03．Order Foraminifera—Polystomella14

2．04．Order Radiolaria—Sphaerozoum16

3．00．Class Sporozoa18

3．10．Subclass Telosporidia18

3．11．Order Gregarinida—Monocystis18

3．12．Order Coccidia—Eimeria20

3．13．Order Haemosporidia—Plasmodium22

4．00．Class Infusoria(Ciliophora)25

4．10．Subclass Protociliata25

4．11．Order Opalinata—Opalina25

4．20．Subclass Euciliata27

4．21．Order Holotrichida—Paramecium27

4．22．Order Heterotrichida—Nyctotherus30

4．23．Order Peritrichida—Vorticella32

Appendix to the Protozoa34

CHAPTER Ⅱ．PHYLUM PORIFERA38

1．00．Class Calcarea38

1．01．Order Hcterocoela—Sycon38

2．00．Class Demospongiae40

2．01．Order Monaxonida—Ephydatia40

2．02．Order Keratosa—Euspongia(Spongia)43

Appendix to the Porifera45

CHAPTER Ⅲ．PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES47

1．00．Class Turbellaria47

1．01．Order Acoela—Convoluta47

1．02．Order Rhabdocoela—Mesostoma50

1．03．Order Polycladida—Leptoplana52

1．04．Order Tricladida—Dendrocoelum54

1．05．Order Temnocephalida—Temnocephala58

2．00．Class Trematoda60

2．10．Subclass Heterocotylea(Monogenea)60

2．11．Order Polyopisthocotylea—Polystomum60

2．20．Subclass Malacocotylea(Digenea)64

2．21．Order Prosostomata—Fasciola64

Order Prosostomata—Schistosoma(Bilharzia)67

3．00．Class Cestoda69

3．10．Subclass Merozoa69

3．11．Order Pseudophyllidea—Diphyllobothrium(Dibothriocephalus)70

3．12．Order Cyclophyllidea—Taenia73

Appendix to the Platyhelminthes75

CHAPTER Ⅳ．PHYLUM COELENTERATA78

1．00．Class Actinozoa(Anthozoa)78

1．10．Subclass Alcyonaria78

1．11．Order Alcyonacea—Alcyonium79

1．12．Order Gorgonacea—Gorgcnia81

1．13．Order Pennatulacea—Pennatula84

1．20．Subclass Zoantharia86

1．21．Order Actiniaria—Actinia86

1．22．Order Madreporaria—Astrangia90

2．00．Class Hydrozoa(Hydromedusae)94

2．01．Order Gymnoblastea(Anthomedusae)—Bougainvillea94

Order Gymnoblastea(Anthomedusae)—Hydra97

2．02．Order Calyptoblastea(Leptomedusae)—Obelia100

2．03．Order Trachylina—Gonionemus104

2．04．Order Siphonophora—Physalia106

3．00．Class Scyphomedusae(Scyphozoa)109

3．01．Order Stauromedusae—Haliclystus109

3．02．Order Discomedusae—Aurelia111

Appendix to the Coelenterata116

CHAPTER Ⅴ．PHYLUM CTENOPHORA118

1．00．Class Tentaculata118

1．01．Order Cydippida—Pleurobrachia118

2．00．Class Nuda121

2．01．Order Beroida—Beroe121

CHAPTER Ⅵ．PHYLUM NEMERTEA124

1．00．Class Enopla124

1．01．Order Hoplonemertini—Amphiporus124

1．02．Order Bdellonemertini—Malacobdella127

CHAPTER Ⅶ．PHYLUM NEMATODA130

0．01．Order Ascaroidea—Rhabditis130

Order Ascaroidea—Ascaris133

0．02．Order Strongyloidea—Ancylostoma136

0．03．Order Trichinelloidea—Trichinella140

Appendix to the Nematoda142

CHAPTER Ⅷ．PHYLUM ACANTHOCEPHALA—Macracanthorhynchus(Echinorhynchus)144

CHAPTER Ⅸ．PHYLUM ROTIFERA148

0．01．Order Monogonata—Hydatina(Epiphanes)148

Appendix to the Rotifera151

CHAPTER Ⅹ．PHYLUM ENDOPROCTA—Pedicellina153

CHAPTER Ⅺ．PHYLUM ECTOPROCTA156

0．01．Order Gymnolaemata—Bugula156

0．02．Order Phylactolaemata—Pectinatella158

Appendix to the Ectoprocta161

CHAPTER Ⅻ．PHYLUM BRACHIOPODA162

0．01．Order Ecardines—Lingula162

0．02．Order Testicardines—Terebratlla165

Appendix to the Brachiopoda169

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ．PHYLUM CHAETOGNATHA—Sagitta170

Appendix to the Chaetognatha172

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ．PHYLUM ANNELIDA174

1．00．Class Chaetopoda174

1．01．Order Polychaeta—Nereis174

Order Polychaeta—Arenicola178

Order Polychaeta—Amphitrite183

Order Polychaeta—Sabella185

1．02．Order Oligochaeta—Lumbricus186

Order Oligochaeta—Enchytraeus193

2．00．Class Hirudinea196

Class Hirudinea—Hirudo196

3．00．Class Gephyrea201

3．01．Order Echiuroidea—Bonellia201

3．02．Order Sipunculoidea—Sipunculus203

Appendix to the Annelida205

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ．PHYLUM ARTHROPODA208

1．00．Class Onychophora208

Class Onychophora—Peripatus208

CHAPTER ⅩⅥ．PHYLUM ARTHROPODA(continued)212

2．00．Class Crustacea212

2．10．Subclass Branchiopoda212

2．11．Order Anostraca—Eubranchipus212

2．12．Order Notostraca—Apus216

2．13．Order Cladocera—Daphnia219

2．20．Subclass Copepoda223

2．21．Order Eucopepoda—Cyclops223

2．30．Subclass Cirripedia227

2．31．Order Thoracica—Lepas227

2．40．Subclass Malacostraca231

2．41．Order Leptostraca—Nebalia231

2．42．Order Mysidacea—Mysis234

2．43．Order Isopoda—Oniscus236

2．44．Order Amphipoda—Gammarús239

2．45．Order Decapoda—Astacus242

CHAPTER ⅩⅦ．PHYLUM ARTHROPODA(continued)251

3．00．Class Myriapoda251

3．01．Order Chilopoda—Lithobius251

3．02．Order Dipiopoda—Iulus255

CHAPTER ⅩⅧ．PHYLUM ARTHROPODA(continued)257

4．00．Class insecta257

4．10．Subclass Apterygota257

4．11．Order Thysanura—Petrobius(Machilis)257

4．12．Order Collembola—Tomocerus260

4．20．Subclass Exopterygota(Heterometabola)263

4．21．Order Orthoptera—Blatta263

4．22．Order Isoptera—Termes270

4．23．Order Ephemeroptera—Ephemera273

4．24．Order Odonata—Libellua276

4．25．Order Hemiptera—Cicada(Tibicen)279

Order Hemiptera—Cimex283

4．26．Order Anoplura(Siphunculata)—Peaicuh285

4．30．Subclass Endopterygota(Holometabola)287

4．31．Order Trichoptera—Phryganea287

4．32．Order Lepidoptera—Pieris290

4．33．Order Coleoptera—Melolontha294

4．34．Order Hymenoptera—Apis297

4．35．Order Diptera—Culex302

Order Diptera—Calliphora306

4．36．Order Aphaniptera(Siphonaptera)—Pulex309

CHAPTER ⅩⅨ．PHYLUM ARTHROPODA(continued)313

5．00．Class Arachnida313

5．10．Subclass Delobranchiata313

5．11．Order Xiphosura—Limulus313

5．20．Subclass Embolobranchiata316

5．21．Order Scorpionida—Centrurus317

5．22．Order Araneida—Eurypelma319

5．23．Order Phalangida(Opilionida)—Phalangium323

5．24．Order Acarina—Ixodes326

5．30．Subclass Pycnogonida329

Subclass Pycnogonida—Nymphon329

Appendix to the Arthropoda331

CHAPTER ⅩⅩ．PHYLUM MOLLUSCA336

1．00．Class Amphineura336

1．01．Order Polyplacophora—Ischnochiton337

2．00．Class Gastropoda341

2．01．Order Prosobranchia(Streptoneura)—Haliotis342

Order Prosobranchia(Streptoneura)—Buccinum346

2．02．Order Opisthobranchia—Aplysia353

Order Opisthobranchia—Clione360

2．03．Order Pulmonata—Helix363

Order Pulmonata—Limax369

3．00．Class Pelecypoda(Lamellibranchia)375

3．01．Order Protobranchia—Yoldia375

3．02．Order Filibranchia—Mytilus379

Order Filibranchia—Pecten384

3．03．Order Eulamellibranchia—Anodonta390

Order Eulamellibranchia—Teredo396

4．00．Class Cephalopoda398

4．01．Order Dibranchia—Loligo399

Appendix to the Mollusca410

CHAPTER ⅩⅪ．PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA412

1．00．Class Crinoidea412

1．01．Order Articulata—Antedon412

2．00．Class Asteroidea416

2．01．Order Forcipulata—Asterias416

3．00．Class Ophiuroidea421

3．01．Order Ophiurae—Ophioderma421

4．00．Class Echinoidea424

4．01．Order Endocyclica—Echinus424

4．02．Order Clypeastroida—Echinarachnius431

4．03．Order Spatangoida—Echinocardium433

5．00．Class Holothurioidea435

5．01．Order Pedata—Cucumaria436

Appendix to the Echinodermata442

CHAPTER ⅩⅫ．PHYLUM CHORDATA444

1．00．Class Hemichorda444

1．01．Order Enteropneusta—Dolichoglossus444

2．00．Class Urochorda(Tunicata)446

2．10．Subclass Larvacea446

2．11．Order Endostylophora—Oikopleura447

2．20．Subclass Ascidiacea449

2．21．Order Enterogona—Ciona450

2．30．Subclass Thaliacea455

2．31．Order Pyrosomatida—Pyrosoma455

2．32．Order Salpida—Salpa458

2．33．Order Doliolida—Doliolum461

3．00．Class Cephalochorda465

3．01．Order Branchiostomida—Amphioxus(Branchiostoma)465

Appendix to the Chordata470

General References471

General Appendix472

Index of Authors475

General Index477