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1 introduction1

1-1 The nature of thermodynamics1

1-2 Relation between classical mechanics and thermodynamics2

1-3 Temperature and heat4

1-4 Temperature scales5

1-5 The state principle8

1-6 Work9

1-7 Micro/macro thermodynamics9

1-8 Thermodynamic properties11

1-9 Fundamental thermodynamic laws12

1-10 Applications of thermodynamics13

1-11 Unit systems13

1-12 The ideal gas20

1-13 The ideal-gas thermometer23

1-14 Simple kinetic theory of an ideal gas24

2 the first law of thermodynamics30

2-1 Introduction30

2-2 Work31

2-3 Internal energy38

2-4 The first law of thermodynamics41

2-5 Heat and specific heat43

2-6 Summary48

3 macroscopic properties of pure substances51

3-1 Introduction51

3-2 Properties of pure substances53

3-3 Equations of state57

3-4 Specific heats62

3-5 Coefficient of expansion67

4 principles of energy analysis73

4-1 Introduction73

4-2 Energy balances and sign conventions74

4-3 The closed system74

4-4 The open system74

4-5 Processes involving ideal gases84

4-6 The Joule-Thomson coefficient90

5 principles of statistical thermodynamics97

5-1 Introduction97

5-2 Probability98

5-3 Phase space104

5-4 Microstates and macrostates105

5-5 Quantum considerations105

5-6 Physical models108

5-7 Degeneracy109

5-8 Purpose of statistical analysis111

5-9 Stirling’s approximation112

5-10 Bose-Einstein statistics113

5-11 Fermi-Dirac statistics115

5-12 The classical Maxwell- Boltzmann model116

5-13 The equilibrium distribution116

5-14 Entropy119

5-15 The second law of thermodynamics119

5-16 The partition function120

5-17 The constants A and β122

6 the second law of thermodynamics125

6-1 Introduction125

6-2 Physical description of the second law126

6-3 Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements127

6-4 Reversible processes and cycles128

6-5 Thermodynamic temperature130

6-6 The Carnot cycle132

6-7 The inequality of Clausius133

6-8 Macroscopic definition of entropy134

6-9 Principle of increase of entropy135

6-10 Microscopic interpretation of entropy144

6-11 Maxwell’s demon and information theory144

7 equations of state and general thermodynamic relations149

7-1 Introduction149

7-2 Some mathematical preliminaries149

7-3 Helmholtz and Gibbs functions151

7-4 The energy equation151

7-5 The Maxwell relations152

7-6 Enthalpy，internal energy，and entropy153

7-7 Specific heat relations155

7-8 The gas tables156

7-9 Specific heats at elevated pressures160

7-10 The Clausius-Clapeyron equation160

7-11 Development of tables of thermodynamic properties162

7-12 Equations of state164

7-13 The generalized compressibility factor169

7-14 Energy properties of real gases174

7-15 Thermodynamics of magnetism181

7-16 Magnetocaloric effect183

8 applications of statistical thermodynamics187

8-1 Introduction187

8-2 The constants β and k188

8-3 Properties and partition functions189

8-4 The ideal monatomic gas192

8-5 Diatomic and polyatomic gases195

8-6 Equipartition of energy203

8-7 The solid state204

8-8 The electron gas208

8-9 Conductors and semiconductors215

8-10 The photon gas（blackbody radiation）220

8-11 Ensembles and interacting systems224

9 kinetic theory and transport phenomena229

9-1 Introduction229

9-2 The Maxwell- Boltzmann velocity distribution230

9-3 Molecular flux234

9-4 Mean free path238

9-5 Influence of collisions on molecular flux240

9-6 Average collision distance241

9-7 Generalized transport coefficient241

9-8 Thermal conductivity242

9-9 Dynamic viscosity243

9-10 Mutual diffusion of like molecules245

9-11 Mutual diffusion of unlike molecules247

9-12 Thermal diffusion248

9-13 Electron transport in gases250

9-14 Influence of molecular force fields on transport processes253

10 gaseous mixtures259

10-1 Introduction259

10-2 The Gibbs-Dalton law259

10-3 Energy properties of mixtures263

10-4 Mixtures of an ideal gas and a vapor267

10-5 Adiabatic saturation269

10-6 The psychrometric chart271

10-7 Air-conditioning processes273

11 chemical thermodynamics and equilibrium285

11-1 Introduction285

11-2 Combustion reactions285

11-3 Enthalpy of formation288

11-4 Heat of reaction292

11-5 Adiabatic flame temperature294

11-6 Equilibrium296

11-7 Chemical equilibrium of ideal gases300

11-8 The chemical potential308

11-9 The third law of thermodynamics310

11-10 The concept of maximum work311

12 conventional power and refrigeration cycles317

12-1 Introduction317

12-2 General considerations318

12-3 Vapor power cycles319

12-4 Deviations from theoretical vapor cycles329

12-5 Air compressors332

12-6 Internal-combustion-engine cycles339

12-7 The Otto cycle340

12-8 The diesel cycle342

12-9 Gas-turbine cycles346

12-10 The gas turbine for jet propulsion353

12-11 The ramjet356

12-12 The rocket357

12-13 Specific impulse357

12-14 Vapor refrigeration cycles358

12-15 Absorption refrigeration cycles361

13 thermodynamics of irreversible processes367

13-1 Introduction367

13-2 Phenomenological laws368

13-3 Onsager reciprocity relation369

13-4 Applicability of the phenomenological relations370

13-5 Heat flux and entropy production370

13-6 Thermoelectric phenomena372

13-7 Thermoelectric circuits376

14 direct energy conversion382

14-1 Introduction382

14-2 Fuel cells383

14-3 Thermoelectric energy-conversion devices388

14-4 Thermionic devices397

14-5 Magnetohydrodynamic generators400

appendix409

Table A-1 Important physical constants409

Table A-2 Conversion factors409

Table A-3 Critical constants410

Table A-4 Heat of formation，absolute entropy，and free energy of forma- tion at 25°C（77°F）and 1 atm411

Table A-5 Properties of water—saturation-temperature table412

Table A-6 Properties of water—saturation-pressure table414

Table A-7 Properties of water—superheated vapor table416

Table A-8 Properties of water—compressed-liquid table421

Table A-9 Properties of saturated ammonia—temperature table422

Table A-10 Properties of saturated ammonia—pressure table423

Table A-11 Properties of superheated ammonia424

Table A-12 Properties of Freon-12（dichlorodifluoromethane）—saturation-temperature table426

Table A-13 Properties of superheated Freon-12428

Table A-14 Thermodynamic properties of air at low pressure430

Table A-15 Thermodynamic properties of gases at low pressure433

index439