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Part ⅠIssues and Concepts1

Chapter 1 Introduction3

1.1 Aspects of Hazardous Trade3

1.1.1 The Protection Aspect5

1.1.2 The Sovereignty Aspect8

1.1.3 The Trade Aspect9

1.2 PIC and Other Trade-Regulating Instruments12

1.3 Definitions and Terminology14

1.4 General Structure of the Study18

Chapter 2 International Law Premises21

2.1 Introduction21

2.2 Particular Features of International Law21

2.3 On Customary Law24

2.4 Indeterminacy and Concreteness25

2.5 The Role of Domestic Law27

Chapter 3 Sovereignty31

3.1 Introduction31

3.2 Historical Outline32

3.3 Sovereignty and Territory34

3.4 Economic Sovereignty36

3.5 Sovereignty a Viable Notion?38

3.6 Effective Sovereignty and Hazardous Trade42

3.7 Perspectives on Sovereignty44

3.8 Conclusions46

Chapter 4 Hazardous Trade as Transboundary Harm49

4.1 Introduction49

4.2 The No-Harm Principle49

4.3 Substantive Obligations52

4.4 Procedural Obligations54

4.5 ILC's Draft Articles57

4.6 The Contribution of Case Law58

4.7 Conclusions Regarding the No-Harm Principle60

4.8 The No-Harm Principle and Trade in Hazardous Substances61

4.9 Domestically Prohibited Goods66

Part Ⅱ Hazardous-Trade Regimes71

Chapter 5 The Hazardous-Waste Regime73

5.1 Introduction73

5.1.1 Historical Background74

5.2 The Basel Convention75

5.2.1 The Negotiations75

5.2.2 Objectives and Basic Premises76

5.2.3 Scope77

5.2.4 Minimization of Generation and Trade79

5.2.5 Prerequisites for Export79

5.2.6 The PIC Procedure81

5.2.7 Obligations Pertaining to Exported Wastes83

5.2.8 The Basel Ban84

5.2.9 The Membership and Non-Parties86

5.3 The Bamako Convention87

5.3.1 Introduction87

5.3.2 Provisions of the Convention87

5.4 Other Regional Conventions90

5.4.1 The Waigani Convention91

5.4.2 The Mediterranean Sea Protocol91

5.5 Radioactive Waste92

5.6 EC Law94

5.7 Indian Law98

5.8 US Law102

5.9 Comments and Conclusions106

5.9.1 Introduction106

5.9.2 Minimizing Generation and Trade107

5.9.3 The PIC Procedure108

5.9.4 Environmentally Sound Management110

5.9.5 Trade Bans111

5.9.6 Parties and Non-Parties113

Chapter 6 The Hazardous-Chemicals Regime115

6.1 Introduction115

6.1.1 Historical Background116

6.2 The Rotterdam Convention120

6.2.1 The Negotiations120

6.2.2 Interim Arrangements121

6.2.3 Objective122

6.2.4 Scope and Definitions123

6.2.5 Inclusion of Chemicals in the PIC Procedure124

6.2.6 Severely Hazardous Pesticide Formulations127

6.2.7 Removal of Chemicals from the PIC Procedure128

6.2.8 Functioning of the PIC Procedure128

6.2.9 Export Notification130

6.2.10 Information131

6.2.11 The Membership and Non-Parties131

6.3 EC Law132

6.4 Indian Law139

6.5 US Law141

6.6 Comments and Conclusions144

6.6.1 Introduction144

6.6.2 The PIC Procedure145

6.6.3 Risk Assessment148

6.6.4 Inclusion of Chemicals in the Procedure149

6.6.5 Export Notification153

6.6.6 Export in Breach of Obligations154

6.6.7 Decision-Making155

Chapter 7 The Biosafety Regime157

7.1 Introduction157

7.1.1 Historical Background158

7.2 The Cartagena Protocol159

7.2.1 The Negotiations159

7.2.2 Scope162

7.2.3 Information and Expertise164

7.2.4 Functioning of the AIA Procedure165

7.2.5 Procedure for LMO-FFPs169

7.2.6 Principles for Decision-Making171

7.2.7 The Membership and Non-Parties174

7.3 EC Law175

7.4 Indian Law178

7.5 US Law181

7.6 Comments and Conclusions182

7.6.1 Introduction182

7.6.2 The AIA Procedure182

7.6.3 The Procedure for LMO-FFPs184

7.6.4 Non-responding Parties186

7.6.5 Decision-Making: The Precautionary Approach187

7.6.6 Decision-Making: Socio-economic Considerations190

7.6.7 LMOs and Developing Countries191

7.6.8 Non-Parties193

Chapter 8 Comparison and Analysis of the Hazardous-Trade Regimes195

8.1 Introduction195

8.2 Bans195

8.3 PIC Procedures197

8.3.1 The Substances to Which PIC Applies197

8.3.2 Instances of Transboundary Movements to Which PIC Applies199

8.3.3 Nature of Consent Requirement201

8.3.4 Decision-Making on PIC202

8.3.5 How Decisions Are Made203

8.3.6 Principles Governing Decision-Making205

8.3.7 The Role of Precaution208

8.3.8 Concluding Reflections211

8.4 Export Notification Procedures212

8.5 Prior Notification in Maritime Transport213

Part Ⅲ The Free-Trade Regime215

Chapter 9 Free-Trade Law217

9.1 The Role of General International Law217

Chapter 10 WTO Law221

10.1 Introduction221

10.2 The World Trade Organization221

10.3 General Overview of Relevant WTO Law223

10.3.1 The GATT223

10.3.2 Other Relevant Agreements225

10.4 Focus and Procedural Aspects226

10.4.1 Focus of the Analysis226

10.4.2 Procedural Aspects226

10.5 Pertinent GATT Provisions228

10.5.1 Elimination of Quantitative Restrictions228

10.5.2 Most-Favoured-Nation229

10.5.3 National Treatment229

10.5.4 Environmental and Health Exceptions232

10.6 The TBT Agreement238

10.7 The SPS Agreement241

10.8 Relationship between the Agreements248

10.9 Compatibility of PIC-Applying MEAs with WTO Law249

10.9.1 Bans249

10.9.2 PIC Procedures253

10.9.3 The SPS and TBT Agreements256

10.9.4 Export Notification Procedures260

10.9.5 Conclusions260

Chapter 11 Conflicts between the Environmental Regime and the Free-Trade Regime263

11.1 Introduction263

11.2 The Symmetrical Membership Case264

11.3 The Asymmetrical Membership Case269

Part Ⅳ Analysis and Reflections275

Chapter 12 Objectives and Regulatory Instruments277

12.1 Values and Objectives277

12.2 Assessment Criteria281

12.3 Trade Bans284

12.3.1 Import Bans284

12.3.2 Export Bans285

12.4 PIC Procedures287

12.5 Export Notifications290

Chapter 13 Further Aspects of PIC291

13.1 What PIC Is Not291

13.2 Preconditions for the Functioning of PIC293

13.3 Status of PIC in International Law296

Chapter 14 General Conclusions303

14.1 The Right to Regulate303

14.2 The Ability to Control305

Tables of Materials309

Treaties and Laws309

Cases314

Bibliography317

Official Documents328

Miscellaneous334

Index335