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CHAPTER one 第一章 New Challenges 新的挑战1

TOPIC ONE Review of Basic Sentence Structure3

A.Parts of Speech4

B.Kinds of Sentences4

C.Subjects5

D.Verbs,Objects,and Complements6

E.Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives7

F.Sentence Types8

TOPIC TWO Word Order of Modifiers11

A.Adjectives12

B.Adverbs12

C.Adverbials13

TOPIC THREE The Principal Parts of Verbs and Verb Tense Formation18

A.The Principal Parts of Verbs19

B.Verb Tense Formation:Regular Verbs20

C.Verb Tense Formation:Irregular Verbs23

TOPIC FOUR An Overview of the Tense System26

CHAPTER two 第二章 Looking at Learning 学习观31

TOPIC ONE Auxiliary Verbs33

A.Statements,Yes/No Questions,and Short Responses34

B.Information Questions36

C.Information Questions with who,whose,which,and what38

D.Negative Yes/No Questions41

TOPIC TWO The Simple Present and Present Continuous Tenses45

A.The Simple Present Tense46

B.Adverbs of Frequency and Other Time Expressions48

C.The Present Continuous Tense51

D.Verbs Not Normally Used in the Continuous Tenses52

TOPIC THREE The Present Perfect Continuous and Present Perfect Tenses55

A.The Present Perfect Continuous Tense56

B.The Present Perfect Tense58

focus on testing Types of Standardized Tests62

CHAPTER three 第三章 Relationships 家庭关系65

TOPIC ONE Past Verb Forms(1)67

A.The Simple Past Tense67

B.The Past Continuous Tense71

C.when and while72

TOPIC TWO The Present Perfect Tense with Unspecified Past Time76

A.The Present Perfect Tense77

B.already,(not)ever,just,never,recently,still,and (not)yet78

TOPIC THREE Future Verb Forms81

A.The Simple Future Tense82

B.Other Forms Used for the Future:be going to,Present Tenses with Future Meaning83

C.The Future Continuous Tense85

D.The Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous Tenses86

TOPIC FOUR Past Verb Forms (2)87

A.The Habitual Past:would and used to88

B.The Future in the Past:was/were going to90

TOPIC FIVE Past Verb Forms(3)93

A.The Past Perfect Tense93

B.The Past Perfect Continuous Tense96

focus on testing Use of Verbs101

CHAPTER four 第四章 Health 健康103

TOPIC ONE Modal Auxiliaries and Related Structures of Ability and Expectation105

A.Introduction to Modal Auxiliaries106

B.Expressing Present and Past Ability106

C.Expressing Expectation109

TOPIC TWO Modal Auxiliaries of Request,Permission,and Preference112

A.Requesting Action113

B.Requesting Permission114

C.Expressing Preference116

TOPIC THREE Modal Auxiliaries and Related Structures of Need and Advice120

A.Expressing Present Need or Lack of Need121

B.Expressing Past Need or Lack of Need124

C.Expressing Advice about the Present126

D.Expressing Advice about the Past(Not Taken)128

TOPIC FOUR Modal Auxiliaries of Possibility and Probability131

A.Expressing Present and Past Possibility132

B.Expressing Present and Past Probability135

focus on testing Use of Modal Auxiliaries139

TOPIC FIVE Review:Chapters One to Four140

focus on testing Review of Problem Areas:Chapters One to Four144

CHAPTER five 第五章 High Tech,Low Tech 高科技，低科技147

TOPIC ONE The Simple Tenses149

A.Introduction to the Passive Voice150

B.The Passive Voice with Simple Tenses151

C.The Passive Voice in Sentences with Indirect Objects153

D.by+Agent155

E.Verbs Commonly Used in the Passive Voice157

F.Anticipatory it and the Passive Voice158

TOPIC TWO The Perfect Tenses161

TOPIC THREE The Continuous Tenses166

TOPIC FOUR Modal Auxiliaries170

focus on testing Use of the Passive Voice177

CHAPTER six 第六章 Money Matters 金融179

TOPIC ONE Count Versus Noncount Nouns181

A.Introduction to Count and Noncount Nouns182

B.Groups of Count and Noncount Nouns183

C.Singular and Plural Forms:Subject/Verb Agreement186

D.Indefinite Articles:a and an188

E.Unspecified or Unidentified Count and Noncount Nouns188

TOPIC TWO Indefinite Adjectives and Pronouns192

A.Indefinite Adjectives and Pronouns with Both Count and Noncount Nouns193

B.(a)few and(not)many with Count Nouns194

C.(a)little and(not)much with Noncount Nouns195

D.Modifiers with a lot of,a little,a few,little,and few196

E.More Indefinite Pronouns198

F.one,another,the other,others,the others199

focus on testing Use of Singular and Plural Forms203

TOPIC THREE The Definite Article204

A.Introduction to the Definite Article205

B.the with Count Nouns205

C.the with Noncount Nouns207

D.the with Proper Nouns208

TOPIC FOUR Units of Measurement211

CHAPTER seven 第七章 Leisure Time 休闲时光217

TOPIC ONE Introduction to Gerunds and Infinitives218

A.Forms and Functions of Gerunds219

B.Gerunds Following Prepositions221

C.Forms and Functions of Infinitives224

D.Infinitives Following Adjectives,Adverbs,and Nouns227

TOPIC TWO Verbs Followed by Gerunds or Infinitives230

TOPIC THREE More Verbs Followed by Gerunds or Infinitives236

A.More Verbs Followed by Gerunds237

B.More Verbs Followed by Infinitives238

C.Verbs That May Be Followed by a(Pro)Noun Object Before an Infinitive239

D.Verbs That Must Be Followed by a Noun or Pronoun Object Before an Infinitive239

TOPIC FOUR Verbs Followed by Either Gerunds or Infinitives244

A.Verbs Followed by Either Gerunds or Infinitives245

B.Verbs Followed by Gerunds or Infinitives,Depending on the Use of a Noun or Pronoun Object245

C.Verbs That Change Meaning Depending on the Use of Infinitives or Gerunds248

TOPIC FIVE Special Uses of Other Verb Forms252

A.Causative Verbs and Related Structures253

B.Verbs of Perception256

C.Present and Past Participles Used as Adjectives256

focus on testing Use of Verb Forms261

CHAPTER eight 第八章 Creativity 创造力263

TOPIC ONE Compound Sentences265

A.Review of Sentence Types266

B.Coordinating Conjunctions269

C.Transitions270

TOPIC TWO Adverb Clauses of Time and Condition:Unspecified or Present Time275

A.Clauses of Time:Unspecified or Present Time276

B.Clauses of Condition:Unspecified or Present Time278

TOPIC THREE Adverb Clauses of Time and Condition:Past Time with the Simple Past and Past Perfect Tenses281

B.Adverbs of Frequency with Time Clauses282

A.Clauses of Time:Past Time with the Simple Past and Past Perfect Tenses282

C.after,before,by,and until as Prepositions283

TOPIC FOUR Adverb Clauses of Time and Condition:Past Time with the Simple Past and Past Continuous Tenses287

TOPIC FIVE Adverb Clauses of Time and Condition:Future Time294

A.Clauses of Time:Future Time295

B.Clauses of Condition:Future Time296

C.Sentence Problems:Fragments,Comma Splices,and Run-Ons299

TOPIC SIX Review:Chapters Five to Eight302

focus on testing Review of Problem Areas:Chapters Five to Eight307

CHAPTER nine 第九章 Human Behavior 人类行为309

TOPIC ONE Review of Modifiers and Introduction to Adjective Clauses312

A.Review of Modifiers312

B.Introduction to Adjective Clauses314

TOPIC TWO Clauses with that,when,and where:Replacement of Subjects,Objects,and Adverbials of Time or Place315

A.Clauses with that:Replacement of Subjects316

B.Clauses with that:Replacement of Objects of Verbs318

C.Clauses with when or where:Replacement of Adverbials of Time or Place318

TOPIC THREE Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses;Clauses with who,which,and whose:Replacement of Subjects and Possessives321

A.Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses322

B.Clauses with who or which:Replacement of Subjects324

C.Clauses with whose:Replacement of Possessives326

TOPIC FOUR Clauses with whom and which:Replacement of Objects330

A.Clauses with whom and which:Replacement of Objects of Verbs331

B.Clauses with whom and which:Replacement of Objects of Prepositions333

TOPIC FIVE Clause to Phrase Reduction;Agreement with Adjective Phrases and Clauses337

A.Appositives338

C.Present Participial Phrases339

B.Past Participial Phrases339

D.Agreement with Adjective Phrases and Clauses341

focus on testing Use of Adjective Clauses and Phrases343

CHAPTER ten 第十章 Crime and Punishment 犯罪与惩罚345

TOPIC ONE hope and wish347

A.hope Versus wish348

B.The Subjunctive with wish348

TOPIC TWO Conditional Sentences:otherwise;Imaginary Conditionals:Present or Unspecified Time352

A.otherwise353

B.Imaginary Conditionals:Present or Unspecified Time354

TOPIC THREE Perfect Modal Auxiliaries357

A.Perfect Modal Auxiliaries358

B.Perfect Modal Auxiliaries and Past Advice360

TOPIC FOUR Conditional Sentences:Past and Past-to-Present Time362

A.Imaginary Conditionals:Past Time364

B.Imaginary Conditionals:Past-to-Present Time365

focus on testing Use of Conditional and Subjunctive Forms371

CHAPTER eleven 第十一章 The Physical World 自然界373

TOPIC ONE Clauses and Related Structures of Cause,Purpose,and Effect or Result375

A.Clauses and Phrases of Clause376

B.Clauses and Phrases of Purpose378

C.Transitions of Effect or Result380

D.Sentence Focus in Compound and Complex Sentences381

TOPIC TWO Clauses and Related Structures of Contrast:Concession and Opposition385

A.Clauses,Phrases,and Transitions of Concession386

B.Clauses,Phrases,and Transitions of Opposition388

TOPIC THREE Comparative and Superlative Adjectives and Adverbs394

TOPIC FOUR Comparisons with as and than404

TOPIC FIVE Clauses of Result410

focus on testing Use of Adverb Clauses and Phrases418

CHAPTER twelve 第十二章 Together on a Small Planet 共同拥有的小星球421

TOPIC ONE Clauses with that423

A.Clauses with that424

B.Quotations and Reported Speech424

C.Sequence of Tenses in Reported Speech425

D.say Versus tell427

E.Pronoun and Adverb Changes in Reported Speech428

F.Verbs and Modal Auxiliaries That Do Not Change in Reported Speech429

TOPIC TWO Clauses with if,whether,and Question Words433

A.Clauses with if and whether434

B.Clauses with Question Words434

A.Reduction of Commands438

TOPIC THREE Clause to Phrase Reduction438

B.Reduction of Requests for Action and for Permission439

C.Reduction of Embedded Questions440

focus on testing Use of Noun Clauses444

TOPIC FOUR Review:Chapters Nine to Twelve445

focus on testing Review of Problem Areas:Chapters Nine to Twelve454

Appendixes 附录457

APPENDIX ONE Spelling Rules458

APPENDIX TWO Formation of Statements and Questions464

APPENDIX THREE Summary of Modal Auxiliaries and Related Structures466

APPENDIX FOUR the with Proper Nouns468

APPENDIX FIVE Summary of Gerunds and Infinitives470

Index 索引475