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Chapter 1．Introduction—Why the Policymaking Process Matters1

Overview of This Book1

Situating the Tools,Techniques,and Processes in the Existing Literature4

The Importance of Procedural Legitimacy in Building Policy Support6

Presidential Management and Procedural Legitimacy11

Conclusion17

Key Terms17

Review Questions18

Part Ⅰ．The Policy Makers19

Chapter 2．The Policy Councils19

The Policy Councils and the Structure of the Executive Branch19

How the Policy Councils Operate and Why They Are Important22

Inside the White House Policy Councils26

The National Security Council26

The National Economic Council29

The Domestic Policy Council31

The George W.Bush Administration and the NEC and DPC34

Key Agencies within the Executive Office of the President35

The Council on Environmental Quality35

The Council of Economic Advisers36

The Office of National Drug Control Policy36

The Office of Science and Technology Policy37

Conclusion37

Key Terms38

Review Questions38

Chapter 3．The White House Staff39

Working on the White House Staff39

Other Key Players in the White House Office40

Chief of Staff42

The Office of Legislative Affairs43

The Office of Intergovernmental Affairs44

The Office of Political Affairs45

The Office of Cabinet Affairs45

Interaction with the Public46

The Office of Public Liaison46

The Office of Communications,the Speechwriting Office,and the Press Office47

The White House"Gatekeepers"48

The Office of Scheduling and Oval Office Operations49

The Staff Secretary50

The White House Counsel51

Conclusion52

Key Terms52

Review Questions53

Chapter 4．Agencies and Policy Implementation54

Executive Agencies and Departments and Executive Branch Policy Making54

The Role of Agencies55

Inplementing Policy Decisions59

Executive Orders and Other Executive Actions59

Submitting Legislation61

Regulations and the Rule-making Process62

Conclusion68

Key Terms68

Review Questions69

Part Ⅱ．Tools of the Trade70

Chapter 5．Policy-making Memoranda70

The Tools of Policy Making70

The Role of Memoranda72

The Decision-making Memorandum73

The Action-forcing Event74

Background Information and Analysis76

Policy Options76

Recommendation77

Decision77

The Information Memoranda79

Summary Section80

Discussion Section80

The Weekly Report80

Conclusion82

Key Terms83

Review Questions84

Chapter 6．Polling and the Policy-making Process85

Polling and Policy Making:Myths and Realities85

Polling Basics89

The Questions91

The Respondents93

The Results95

Who Polls for the White House96

The Role of the Office of Political Affairs98

When to Poll Policy Ideas100

Conclusion101

Key Terms102

Review Questions102

Chapter 7．Legislative Clearance and Coordination:SAPs,LRMs,and Other Policy Acronyms103

Legislative Clearance and Coordination103

Legislative Responsibility in the Executive Branch104

The Clearance Process106

Legislative Proposals106

Clearance of Agency Testimony and Reports on Pending Legislation108

Statement of Administration Policy108

Enrolled Bills108

Conclusion110

Key Terms110

Review Questins111

Chapter 8．Communicating and Marketing Policy112

The Importance of Communicating and Marketing Policy112

Speechwriting114

Communications116

Press Office117

Conclusion122

Key Terms123

Review Questions123

Part Ⅲ．Case Studies125

Chapter 9．Welfare Reform during the Clinton Administration125

Welfare Reform and the Political Process125

The Early Phase:Decentralization,Debate,and Deadlock126

Strain Towards Agreement128

Phase Ⅱ:Action,Response,and Resolution133

The Centralization of Authority134

Redirecting the Tools and Mobilizing Support135

Conclusion:Making the Process Work141

Key Terms143

Review Questions143

Chapter 10．The Clinton Economic Plan144

The Economic Plan and the Political Process144

Phase Ⅰ:The Economic Plan and the NEC146

Establishing the Management Role of the NEC148

The NEC Process150

Communicating and Marketing the Economic Plan152

Phase Ⅱ:Securing Passage of the Bill153

Conclusions and Lessons Learned157

Key Terms158

Review Questions158

Chapter 11．Desert Shield and Desert Storm159

Security Crises and the Political Process159

Responding to the Crisis161

The Initial Response162

The Delicate but Vital Matter of Inclusion166

Containment and the Decision to Double U.S.Ground Forces170

Conclusion174

Key Terms174

Review Questions174

Part Ⅳ．Scenarios175

Chapter 12．Practice Scenarios175

Practice Scenarios175

Scenario One:Taiwan Straits Crisis176

Scenario Two:U.S.Economic Recession180

Scenario Three:Campaign Finance Reform181

Scenario Four:United States-European Environmental Negotiations182

Index185