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Unit 1 Chemical and Physical Properties of Rocks1

1.1 Composition of Rocks1

1.2 Geological Classification of Rocks3

Unit 2 Soil Composition and Classification9

2.1 Soil Composition9

2.1.1 Weight-volume Relationships10

2.1.2 Relative Density11

2.1.3 Particle Size12

2.1.4 Clays12

2.1.5 Plasticity and the Atterberg Limits13

2.2 Soil Classification14

Unit 3 Influence of Groundwater to Engineering19

3.1 Pavements21

3.2 Slopes22

Unit 4 Site Investigation26

4.1 Background Literature Search27

4.2 Field Reconnaissance28

4.3 Subsurface Exploration and Sampling28

4.4 Exploratory Borings28

4.5 Soil Sampling30

4.6 Groundwater Monitoring30

4.7 Exploratory Trenches31

Unit 5 Laboratory Testing of Soils35

5.1 Introduction35

5.2 Common Laboratory Tests36

5.2.1 Index Tests37

5.2.2 Oedometer38

5.2.3 Shear Strength Tests39

5.2.4 Permeability43

Unit 6 In-situ Testing47

6.1 Standard Penetration Test（SPT）47

6.2 Cone Penetration Test（CPT）49

6.3 Vane Shear Test（VST）51

6.4 Pressuremeter Test（PMT）52

6.5 Dilatometer Test（DMT）52

6.6 Becker Penetration Test53

6.7 Comparison of In-situ Test Methods54

Unit 7 Drilling Technology58

7.1 Classification of Types of Drilling58

7.2 The Connection to the Bit58

7.2.1 Transmission of Power58

7.2.2 Control of the Bit58

7.2.3 Conduct of Fluid59

7.2.4 Conduct of Cuttings59

7.2.5 Drill String Flexibility60

7.2.6 Tasks Performed Down the Hole60

7.2.7 The Drill String Gives the Clues60

7.3 Pipes and Pipe Threads61

7.3.1 Tubing for Drill Pipe62

7.3.2 Tubing for Casing62

7.3.3 Threads63

7.3.4 Rotary Tool Joints63

7.3.5 Drill Pipe Failure64

7.3.6 Correct Make-up Torque64

7.3.7 Caring for Pipes and Threads65

7.4 Cable Tool and Hydraulic Drilling65

7.4.1 Features of Cable Tool Percussion65

7.4.2 Cable Tool Techniques68

7.4.3 Other Cable Types68

7.4.4 Hydraulic Types ofDrilling69

7.4.5 Suitability of Hydraulic Drilling70

7.4.6 Essential Cable Tool Drill String Components71

7.5 Auger Drilling71

7.5.1 Types of Auger Drilling71

7.5.2 Applications of Auger Drills72

7.6 Rotary and Down-hole Hammer Drilling74

7.6.1 What is Rotary Drilling？74

7.6.2 Forms of Rotary Drive75

7.6.3 Methods of Feeding the Bit75

7.6.4 Rotary Down-hole Hammer Drilling77

7.6.5 Rotary Fluid Circulation77

7.6.6 Reverse Circulation78

7.6.7 Types and Features of Rotary Rigs79

7.7 Slim-hole Rotary and Diamond Drilling79

7.7.1 What is Meant by Slim-hole Rotary Drilling？79

7.7.2 Varieties of Slim-hole Core Drilling80

7.7.3 Diamond Drill Rigs80

7.7.4 Other Slim-hole Types of Drilling81

7.8 Drill Rig Parameters82

Unit 8 Shallow Foundations89

8.1 Function of Foundations89

8.1.1 Foundation Engineering89

8.1.2 Foundation Classification and Selection91

8.1.3 General Requirements92

8.1.4 Additional Considerations93

8.2 Types of Shallow Foundations94

8.2.1 Introduction94

8.2.2 Strip Foundations95

8.2.3 Rafts97

Unit 9 Deep Foundations99

9.1 Pile Foundations99

9.1.1 Steel Piles100

9.1.2 Concrete Piles101

9.1.3 Negative Skin Frietion101

9.1.4 Determination of Negative Skin Friction102

9.1.5 Pile Groups103

9.1.6 Pile Spacing103

9.1.7 Efficiency104

9.2 Drilled Shaft and Caisson Foundations105

9.2.1 Types of Drilled Shafts106

9.2.2 Construction Procedures107

9.2.3 Types of Caissons109

Unit 10 Soil Improvements112

10.1 Methods of Soil Improvements112

10.1.1 General Principles of Compaction112

10.1.2 Vibroflotation114

10.1.3 Sand Drains115

10.1.4 Lime Stabilization116

10.1.5 Cement Stabilization118

10.1.6 Fly Ash Stabilization119

10.1.7 Stone Columns119

10.1.8 Sand Compaction Piles120

10.1.9 Dynamic Compaction121

10.2 Soil Stabilization121

Unit 11 Grouting Engineering128

11.1 Definition128

11.2 Conceptual Design128

11.3 Uses of Grouting129

11.4 Types of Grouting129

11.5 Assessment of Groutability131

11.6 Impediments to Effective Grouting131

11.6.1 Environmental Impact Assessment132

11.6.2 Spoil and Waste Disposal133

11.6.3 Site Health and Safety134

Unit 12 Analyses of Bearing Capacity and Settlement of Structures136

12.1 Bearing Capacity Failures136

12.2 Settlement of Structures141

12.2.1 Introduction141

12.2.2 Allowable Settlement143

12.2.3 Collapsible Soil146

Unit 13 Retaining Structures150

13.1 Soil Nailing150

13.2 Landslides155

Unit 14 Petroleum Drilling162

14.1 Rotary Drilling163

14.2 Circulation Systems165

14.2.1 Direct Circulation166

14.2.2 Reverse Circulation167

14.3 Comparison of Mud and Air Drilling169

14.3.1 Advantages and Disadvantages169

14.3.2 Flow Characteristics170

Unit 15 Trenchless Engineering180

15.1 Horizontal Directional Drilling180

15.1.1 Overview180

15.1.2 Methods181

15.1.3 HDD Drilling Machines182

15.1.4 Fluid-assisted Boring183

15.1.5 Fluid Jet Boring184

15.1.6 Dry Boring185

15.1.7 Drill Pipes186

15.1.8 Drilling Fluids186

15.1.9 Tracking＆Guidance Systems187

15.1.10 Ancillary Equipment189

15.1.11 Latest Developments189

15.1.12 Summary190

15.2 Pipe Jacking and Microtunnelling191

15.2.1 Overview191

15.2.2 Applications192

15.2.3 Excavation and Spoil Removal in Pipe Jacking192

15.2.4 Excavation and Spoil Removal in Microtunnelling193

15.2.5 Excavation and Spoil Removal in Pilot Auger Microtunnelling194

15.2.6 Jacking Frames194

15.2.7 Interjacks195

15.2.8 Ground Conditions195

15.2.9 Planning195

15.2.10 Pipes196

15.2.11 Shafts197

15.2.12 Summary198

附录A Introduction to CUGB203

附录B 希腊字母215

附录C 符号的读法215

参考文献216