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1 Introduction1

Background and research thesis1

International dimension of the RTD3

Why Pakistan as a case study?4

Human rights and development8

Pakistan: towards a rights-based approach to development?12

Approach of the book12

Structure of the book14

FART Ⅰ The RTD: Concept and challenges17

2 History, politics and concept of the RTD19

Introduction19

Historical overview19

From economic sovereignty to the RTD19

The Declaration (1986)22

The Vienna Declaration (1993)22

The current status of the RTD (2004-2007)23

Regional and national perspectives24

The politics of the RTD26

The North-South divide26

The political positions of states/groups of states27

The voting trends in the General Assembly29

The Commission on Human Rights32

Human rights in development programmes34

Conceptual basis35

The capability approach35

Capability and human rights37

List of capabilities39

Realizing capabilities through the RTD39

Islamic perspective vis-a-vis capability and human rights40

Conclusion41

3 The jurisprudence of the RTD43

Introduction43

Sources44

The right to self-determination44

Article 28 of the UDHR48

Articles 55 and 56 of the UN Charter49

Other international instruments51

Subjects52

State as a subject52

State as a duty-holder53

Peoples as a subject54

Individual as a subject55

Content56

Individual right57

Collective right58

The right to a process of development59

Justiciability62

Rights and duties in analytical jurisprudence64

Rights as goals: ethical jurisprudence66

The Maastricht Guidelines68

The pluralistic foundations of human rights70

Justiciability at the national level71

Justiciability at the international level73

Rights and duties in Islamic jurisprudence74

Conclusion74

4 The declaration and the working groups77

Introduction77

The first working group and the drafting of the Declaration79

The working group report79

An analysis of the working group report80

The drafting of the Declaration81

The main features oj the Declaration83

Unity of human rights83

Participation84

International cooperation86

The concept of development87

Sustainable development90

Weaknesses of the Declaration92

Vague and imprecise92

A compromise document93

Reference to the NIEO94

Women's rights95

Realization of the RTD96

The global consultation96

The second and third working groups98

The current status of the realization100

The independent expert and the task force100

The Development Compact101

Debate in the working group103

A critical appraisal of the Development Compact104

The high-level task force105

Evaluation of the task force reports107

Conclusion108

PART Ⅱ The RTD in international law111

5 The legal status of the RTD in public international law113

Introduction113

Sources of international law114

Custom115

What is meant by 'recommendation'?116

Opinio juris119

State practice122

Is the USA a 'persistent objector'?126

General principles of law128

Is the Declaration a soft law?130

The RTD and 'new sources'132

The value of the Declaration: determining factors135

Competency of General Assembly135

'The nature and content'136

'Time and circumstances'136

'Terms and intent' or language136

'Voting pattern'137

'International organization practice'137

Implementation or follow-up mechanism138

'Community values, needs and expectations'138

Conclusion140

PART Ⅲ The RTD at the national level: Pakistan as a case study143

6 The nature and extent of the realization of the RTD in Pakistan145

Introduction145

The political economy of Pakistan146

Economy: far from distributive justice146

Constitution-making: still a dilemma147

The national dimension of the RTD152

The Declaration152

Pakistan's role in the mainstream RTD debate153

Constitutional mechanisms versus the features of the RTD154

The nature of the constitutional obligations155

Public Interest Litigation: prospects for the RTD156

Conceptual basis156

An analysis of case law157

Right to life (Article 9)158

Prohibition of forced labour (Article 11)159

Freedom of association (Article 25): political participation161

Equality of citizens (Article 25)162

Women's rights162

Protection of the environment163

The Principles of Policy165

Problems and prospects of PIL166

Impact of the current judicial crisis167

Conclusion169

7 Reconceptualizing the RTD in Islamic law171

Introduction171

Shbariah: meaning, sources and purpose171

Meaning of the Shariah171

Primary sources: the Quran and the Sunnah173

Juristic techniques175

The purpose of the Shariah: the doctrine of maslahah176

Maslahah and the R TD178

General relevance of maslahah to the RID178

Human rights and Islamic law181

The challenge of cultural relativism181

How to achieve compatibility184

Islamization and the RTD in Pakistan186

Jinnah's vision of Pakistan186

The Objectives Resolution188

The Islamic provisions of the 1973 constitution189

The Islamic concept of social justice190

Zia's Islamization movement and the RTD191

The judicial system191

Economic reform193

Implications for the RTD194

The role of the judiciary197

Implications for other Muslim auntries200

Conclusion201

8 Pakistan's Poverty-Reduction Strategy and the RTD203

Introduction203

The PRSP framework204

Introduction and background204

The guidelines205

Principles of the PRSP and the RTD207

Country ownership207

Participation209

Other principles211

Pakistan's PRSP and the RTD212

National ownership and participation212

AJP in the PRSP216

Governance217

The rule of law218

The judiciary in the RTD debate219

The guidelines and judicial reforms220

Guideline 8 and the AJP220

(A) Importance of the right of equal access to justice220

(A.1) The rationale of the AJP221

(B) The scope of the right of equal access to justice (the guideli ne)222

(B.1) Objectives and scope of the AJP222

(C) Key targets and indicators224

(C.1) The AJP224

(D) Key features of a strategy for realizing the right of equal access to justice224

(D.1) The AJP framework225

(D.2) A comparison of the two strategies225

Evaluation of the AJP230

Conclusion231

9 Conclusion233

Glossary of Islamic words239

Bibliography241

Index261