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Part Ⅰ - INTRODUCTION1

Chapter 1 - An Introduction to the Law of International Business Transactions3

Part Ⅱ - INTERNATIONAL REGISTRATION， LICENSING & PROTECTIONOF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY25

Chapter 2 - International Intellectual Property Treaties27

Chapter 3 - Multinational Registration of Intellectual Property61

Chapter 4 - Multinational Intellectual Property Licensing and Enforcement93

Part Ⅲ - IMPORT AND EXPORT REGULATION207

Chapter 5 - Import Regulation and Customs209

Chapter 6 - Export Regulation265

Part Ⅳ - INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS325

Chapter 7 - International Commercial Agreements327

Chapter 8 - International Payment Mechanics and Terms403

Part Ⅴ - INTERNATIONAL TRADE REMEDIES AND COMPETITION LAW435

Chapter 9 - Antidumping and Countervailing Measures437

Chapter 10 - Safeguard Measures and Other Trade Remedies493

Chapter 11 - Competition （Antitrust） Law in International Business525

Part Ⅵ - FOREIGN INVESTMENT TRANSACTIONS581

Chapter 12 - International Corporation Formation， Acquisition，583

Reorganization， and Regulation of Operations583

Chapter 13 - International Trade and Project Finance697

Chapter 14 - The Regulation of Global Corruption741

Chapter 15 - International Tax Planning789

Part Ⅶ - PLANNING INTERNATIONAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION831

Chapter 16 - Planning for International Litigation833

Chapter 17 - Planning International Commercial Arbitration893

Chapter 18 - Planning for International Investment Disputes937

Appendix A - Special International Trade Regulation Regimes985

Appendix B - Table of Acronyms997

Index1005

Part Ⅰ - INTRODUCTION1

Chapter 1 - An Introduction to the Law of International Business Transactions3

1.1 What Is International Business Transactions， and Why Study It？3

A.Transactional4

B.Regulatory5

C.Litigation6

D.Treaty-Based6

1.2 What Kinds of Clients Need Legal Assistance with Their Interna- tional Business Transactions？11

1.3 What Kinds of Government Agencies and International Organi- zations Regulate International Business Transactions？13

A.U.S.Federal Agencies14

B.Foreign Governmental Agencies14

C.International Organizations16

1.4 Other International Trade Blocs19

1.5 Putting It All Together20

Part Ⅱ - INTERNATIONAL REGISTRATION， LICENSING & PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY25

Chapter 2 - International Intellectual Property Treaties27

2.1 Introduction to Intellectual Property and IP Treaties27

A.Patents28

B.Trademarks， Service Marks， and Trade Names30

C.Copyright34

D.Other Forms of Intellectual Property36

E.An Introduction to IP Treaties38

2.2 Patent Law Treaties40

A.The Paris Convention41

B.The TRIPs Agreement43

C.Other Patent Law Treaties46

2.3 Trademark Law Treaties47

A.The Paris Convention47

B.The TRIPs Agreement48

C.Other Trademark Law Treaties50

2.4 Copyright Treaties52

A.The Berne Convention52

B.The Universal Copyright Convention54

C.The TRIPs Agreement54

D.Other Copyright Treaties55

2.5 Trade Secrets， Unfair Competition， and IP Treaties56

2.6 Bilateral and Regional IP Treaties57

Chapter 3 - Multinational Registration of Intellectual Property61

3.1 Multinational Patent Registration61

A.Regional Patent Organizations63

B.The Patent Cooperation Treaty Procedure66

C.Design Patent Protection70

D.Patent Classification71

3.2 Multinational Trademark Registration72

A.Regional Trademark Organizations72

B.The Madrid System79

C.The Nice Agreement on Classification80

D.Internet Domain Name Registrations84

3.3 Multinational Copyright Registration87

3.4 Trade Secrets87

Chapter 4 - Multinational Intellectual Property Licensing and Enforcement93

4.1 Litigation of Transnational Infringement93

A.Judicial Patent Enforcement94

B.Trademarks122

C.Copyright140

4.2 Border Protection Against Infringing Imports154

A.Customs Recordation and Enforcement156

B.Section 337 Investigations160

4.3 Criminal Enforcement of IP Rights172

4.4 Parallel Imports173

A.Patents and Gray Market Imports176

B.Trademarks and Gray Market Imports177

C.Copyright and Gray Market Imports186

D.Foreign Regulation of Parallel Imports193

4.5 Licensing Transactions195

A.Exclusive and Nonexclusive Agreements198

B.License Restrictions200

C.Grantback and Cross-License202

D.Technology License Registration Rules202

E.Trademark Maintenance and Supervision203

Part Ⅲ - IMPORT AND EXPORT REGULATION207

Chapter 5 - Import Regulation and Customs209

5.1 An Introduction to Customs Law210

A.Entry216

B.Inspection220

C.Tariff Classification221

D.Country of Origin227

E.Appraisal （Valuation）236

F.Liquidation238

G.Binding Rulings， Protest， and Appeal238

5.2 Duty Minimization or Avoidance242

A.Customs Bonded Warehouses244

B.Foreign Trade Zones and Maquilas245

C.Drawback248

D.Temporary Imports and the ATA Carnet249

5.3 Country of Origin Marking250

5.4 Penalties for Noncompliance254

5.5 Other U.S.Import Regulations256

A.Trade Sanctions256

B.Defense Imports258

C.Other Special Import Regulations259

5.6 European and Other Non-U.S.Import Regulation259

Chapter 6 - Export Regulation265

6.1 An Introduction to Export Regulation265

6.2 “Dual Use” Item Exports270

A.International Coordination of Dual-Use Export Controls271

B.Introduction to US.Regulation of Dual-Use Exports275

C.License Exceptions287

D.End-User Controls289

E.End-Use Controls290

F. The Deemed Export Rule291

G.Advisory Opinions292

H.Grant or Denial of the Export License293

I.Penalties for Noncompliance294

J.Voluntary Self-Disclosure296

6.3 Arms Export Controls297

A.U.S.Munitions Export Controls297

B.Defense Trade Registration and Licensing299

C.The Commodity Jurisdiction Procedure299

D.License Exceptions304

E.Penalties for Violations304

6.4 Trade and Economic Sanctions308

A.U.S.Sanctions Programs309

B.Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons313

6.5 International Boycotts and Blocking Statutes314

A.What Is a Boycott？314

B.U.S.Antiboycott Regulations315

C.Blocking Statutes320

Part Ⅳ - INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS325

Chapter 7 - International Commercial Agreements327

7.1 An Introduction to Commercial Agreements328

A.Commercial Purchase and Lease Agreements328

B.Independent Distribution and Agency Relationships329

C.Service Agreements334

7.2 The UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods337

A.When Does the CISG Apply？339

B.CISG Rules of Interpretation346

C.Substantive Rules347

7.3 The UNIDROIT Principles357

7.4 The Franchise Relationship358

A.The Franchise Agreement358

B.U.S.Dealer Protection Laws361

C.Dealer Protection Laws in Foreign States362

7.5 Special International Service Arrangements364

A.Service Outsourcing364

B.Natural Resource Extraction368

C.Major Investment Projects and Public-Private Partnerships370

7.6 Shipping and Delivery Terms372

A.Incoterms372

B.The Shipper-Carrier Legal Relationship381

C.The Role of Carriage Insurance in International Sales395

Chapter 8 - International Payment Mechanics and Terms403

8.1 Payment Options404

8.2 The Commercial Letter of Credit404

A.How the Letter of Credit Works405

B.International Standards Governing Letters of Credit412

C.Letter of Credit Disputes421

8.3 Planning for Foreign Exchange Risk422

8.4 Countertrade Transactions430

Part Ⅴ - INTERNATIONAL TRADE REMEDIES AND COMPETITION LAW435

Chapter 9 - Antidumping and Countervailing Measures437

9.1 Fair and Unfair Competition438

A.What Is the Objection to Government Subsidies？438

B.What Is Wrong with Dumping？439

9.2 The ADD/CVD Trade Remedies Action441

A.The ADD/CVD Treaty Regime441

B.U.S.ADD and CVD Investigations445

C.The Petition for Relief446

D.Preliminary Determinations447

E.Final Determinations448

F.Appeals450

9.3 Requirements for an Affirmative Determination467

A.Domestic Like Products467

B.Domestic Industry475

C.Existence of Dumping or Subsidy481

D.Injury or Threat of Injury and Causation481

9.4 Remedies and Review484

A.Dumping Margin and Duty Amount484

B.Review487

Chapter 10 - Safeguard Measures and Other Trade Remedies493

10.1 Safeguard Measures493

A.Introduction493

B.International Trade Treaties and Safeguards495

C.Safeguard Measures in the United States499

D.Trade Adjustment Assistance511

10.2 Section 301 Investigations514

A.Introduction to Section 301514

B.The Section 301 Petition517

C.Special301518

Chapter 11 - Competition （Antitrust） Law in International Business525

11.1 Introduction to Competition Law526

11.2 The Reach of U.S.Antitrust Statutes in Cross-Border Trade and Commerce529

11.3 Subject Matter and Discretionary Jurisdiction539

11.4 The Wilson Tariff Act， Webb-Pomerene Act， and Export Trading Company Act563

11.5 Cross-Border Criminal Enforcement of U.S.Antitrust Laws567

11.6 Foreign Competition Laws570

A.The European Union570

B.Other States576

Part Ⅵ - FOREIGN INVESTMENT TRANSACTIONS581

Chapter 12 - International Corporation Formation， Acquisition， Reorgani- zation & Regulation of Operations583

12.1 Incorporating Abroad584

A.Why Expand Internationally？584

B.International Investment Treaties589

C.Forming a Foreign Subsidiary599

D.International Mergers and Acquisitions607

E.Corporate Social Responsibility614

12.2 International Corporate Regulation620

A.Foreign Investment Registration， Approval， and Reporting Regulation620

B.International Labor and Employment Law Issues629

C.Corporate Immigration650

D.Competition Law Notification660

E.Foreign Exchange Controls670

F.International Securities Regulation673

12.3 Reorganization and Consolidation in Practice686

Chapter 13 - International Trade and Project Finance697

13.1 Financing Major Foreign Investment Projects698

A.Project Financing698

B.The International Finance Corporation710

C.OPIC715

13.2 Other Sources of Financing for International Projects716

A.Conventional Direct Loans716

B.Structured Finance717

C.Bond Markets718

D.Venture Capital718

13.3 Commercial Financing and Working Capital718

A.Short Term and Working Capital Loans718

B.The Standby Letter of Credit721

13.4 Export Credit Agencies725

A.The Ex-Im Bank726

B.The U.S.Small Business Administration728

13.5 International Investment Insurance Agencies729

A.The Overseas Private Investment Corporation as Insurer731

B.Foreign and Regional Credit Sources732

C.The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency733

Chapter 14 - The Regulation of Global Corruption741

14.1 Bribery in International Investment and Trade742

A.The Problem of Global Corruption742

B.International Treaty-Based Responses749

14.2 U.S.Regulation of Transnational Corruption751

A.The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act751

B.The Opinion Procedure768

14.3 Regulation of International Money Laundering770

A.The U.S.Money Laundering Control Act774

B.The Bank Secrecy Act778

C.Enforcement Against Foreign Financial Institutions783

D.Foreign Anti-Money Laundering Laws784

Chapter 15 - International Tax Planning789

15.1 Forms of Taxation789

A.What Is VAT？790

B.What is Income Taxation？791

15.2 International Tax Minimization Planning792

A.Timing the Net Operating Loss792

B.Intercompany Sales and Transfer Pricing795

C.The Offshore Holding Company798

15.3 Efficient Taxation of International Investment801

A.The Problem of Double Taxation801

B.Taxation of Foreign Trade and Investment by U.S.Firms803

C.Taxation of U.S.Investment Undertaken by Foreign Firms811

15.4 The Bilateral Tax Treaty813

15.5 Sub-State Taxation of International Transactions823

Part Ⅶ - PLANNING INTERNATIONAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION831

Chapter 16 - Planning for International Litigation833

16.1 Jurisdiction and Choice of Forum833

A.General Principles of Jurisdiction over International Disputes833

B.The Contractual Choice of Forum Clause839

C.Forum Non Conveniens862

16.2 Which Law Governs the Dispute？866

A.Substantive Law Governing the Dispute866

B.Procedural Law876

16.3 Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Court Judgments878

A.Recognition and Enforcement in the EU879

B.Unilateral Recognition of Foreign Judgments879

C.Bilateral Judgment Recognition Treaties883

D.Multilateral Recognition Treaties883

16.4 Issues Unique to Litigation against Foreign Governments885

A.The Problem of Foreign Sovereign Immunity885

B.The Act of State Doctrine889

Chapter 17 - Planning International Commercial Arbitration893

17.1 Nonbinding ADR： Mediation， Conciliation， and Mini-Trials894

A.Mediation and Conciliation894

B.Mini-Trials and Other Nonbinding ADR896

17.2 Binding ADR： Commercial Arbitration897

A.Why Arbitrate？898

B.The Arbitration Clause900

C.Enforcement and Appeal910

17.3 Arbitration with a Foreign Sovereign930

Chapter 18 - Planning for International Investment Disputes937

18.1 Dispute Resolution Planning in International Investment938

A.Foreign Sovereign Immunity and Foreign Investment938

B.The Act of State Doctrine and Foreign Investment939

18.2 International Treaty Rights for the Foreign Investor940

A.Bilateral Investment and Trade Treaties940

B.Ad Hoc Dispute Settlement Bodies943

C.The European Regional Courts946

18.3 ICSID Arbitration949

A.ICSID Arbitration Rules： Basic Provisions951

B.Exhaustion of Local Remedies953

C.Attribution of Conduct to the Host State958

D.Withdrawal from the ICSID Convention959

18.4 Standards of Investment Protection959

A.When Has an Expropriation Occurred？960

B.Standard of Compensation for Expropriation966

C.Fair and Equitable Treatment and Full Protection and Security967

18.5 Unique Problems of Dispute Settlement in International Investment975

A.Multiple Parties to the Transaction975

B.Involvement of Investment Insurers and Guarantors979

Appendix A - Special International Trade Regulation Regimes985

A1 Introduction985

A2 Example #1： Unprocessed Food and Agricultural Products986

A.Import Regulations987

B.Export Regulations989

A3 Example #2： Endangered Species and Their Products989

A.CITES Obligations991

B.U.S.Implementation of CITES994

A4 Other U.S.Trade Regulatory Regimes994

A5 Special Foreign Trade Regulations995

Appendix B - Table of Acronyms997

Index1005