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PART ONE EARLY AND MEDIEVAL ENGLISH LITERATURE1

CHAPTERS1

1.The Making of England1

The Britons，1

The Roman Conquest，1

The English Conquest，2

The Social Condition of the Anglo-Saxons，2

Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence，2

2.Beowulf3

Anglo-Saxon Poetry，3

The Story of Beowulf，3

Analysis of Its Content，4

Features of Beowulf，5

3.Feudal England5

The Danish Invasion，5

The Norman Conquest，5

The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English Language，6

Social Feature of the Feudal England，6

The Miseries of the Peasants，7

The Rising of 1381，7

The Content of the Romance，8

The Romance Cycles，8

The Class Nature of the Romance，9

Malory’s Le Morte D’Arthur，9

4.Langland11

Piers the Plowman and Its Author，11

A Picture of Feudal England，11

Artistic Features，15

5.The English Ballads16

Oral Literature，16

The Ballads，17

The Robin Hood Ballads，17

6.Chaucer19

Life，19

Chaucer’s Literary Career，21

Troilusand Criseyde，21

The Canterbury Tales（1387—1400），22

PART TWO THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE27

CHAPTERS27

1.Old England in Transition27

The New Monarchy，27

The Reformation，27

The English Bible，28

The Enclosure Movement，29

The Commercial Expansion，30

The War with Spain，30

The Renaissance and Humanism，30

William Caxton，31

The Beginning of the English Renaissance，32

2.More32

Life，32

Utopia，33

Utopia，Book One，33

Utopia，Book Two，35

More’s Limitations，37

Engels on the Renaissance，37

3.The Flowering of English Literature38

The Flourishing of Literature，38

Sidney and Raleigh，39

Edmund Spenser，40

John Lyly，43

Francis Bacon，44

4.Drama46

The Miracle Play，46

The Morality Play，47

The Interlude，47

The Classical Drama，47

The London Theatre，47

The Audience，48

The Playwrights，49

5.Marlowe50

Life，50

Work，51

Doctor Faustus，52

Social Significance of Marlowe’s Plays，54

Marlowe’s Literary Achievement，55

6.Shakespeare55

Life，55

A Chronological List of Shakespeare’s Plays，59

Periods of Shakespeare’s Dramatic Composition，60

The Great Comedies，67

The Mature Histories，70

The Great Tragedies，80

Hamlet，84

The Later Comedies，89

The Poems，90

Features of Shakespeare’s Drama，91

7.Ben Jonson93

PART THREE THE PERIOD OF THE ENGLISH BOURGEOIS REVOLUTION97

CHAPTERS97

1.The English Revolution and the Restoration97

The Weakening of the Tie Between Monarchy and Bourgeoisie，97

The Clashes Between the King and Parliament，97

The Outburst of the English Revolution，98

The Split within the Revolutionary Camp，98

The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restoration，98

The Religious Cloak of the English Revolution，99

Literature of the Revolution Period，99

2.Milton100

Life and Work，100

Paradise Lost，107

Samson Agonistes，110

Brief Summary，111

3.Bunyan112

Life，112

The Pilgrim’s Progress，114

4.Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets116

John Donne，116

George Herbert，118

Andrew Marvell，118

Henry Vaughan，119

5.Some Prose-Writers120

Robert Burton，120

Thomas Browne，120

Jeremy Taylor，121

IzaakWalton，121

6.Restoration Literature122

Restoration Comedy，122

John Dryden，124

PART FOUR THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY126

CHAPTERS126

1.The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature126

The Enlightenment and 18th Century England，126

Classicism，128

2.Addison and Steele128

Steele and The Tatler，128

Addison and The Spectator，130

3.Pope134

Life，134

Work，135

Workmanship and Limitation，137

4.Swift138

Early Life，138

A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books，139

Bickersta f f Almanac（1708），140

Gulliver’s Travels，140

Pamphlets on Ireland，143

Illness and Death，144

Swift’s Style，145

5.Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel146

The Rise of the English Novel，146

Defoe，147

Defoe’s Novels，149

Robinson Crusoe，150

6.Richardson153

7.Fielding156

Life，156

Fielding as a Playwright，157

Joseph Andrews，159

Jonathan Wild，162

Tom Jones，164

Summary，168

8.Smollett and Sterne171

Smollett，171

Sterne，174

9.18th Century Drama and Sheridan176

18th Century English Drama，176

Sheridan，178

10.Johnson180

Life，180

Johnson’s Dictionary，181

Boswell’s Life of Johnson，183

11.Goldsmith183

Life，183

Work，184

12.Gibbon189

Life，189

The Decline and Fall o f the Roman Empire，190

13.Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry192

Sentimentalism in English Poetry，192

Pre-Romanticism，193

14.Blake195

Life，195

Songs o f Innocence（1789）and Songs of Experience（1794），197

The Marriage of Heaven and Hell（1790），200

Blake’s Position in English Literature，201

15.Burns201

Life，201

The Poetry of Burns，203

Features of Burns’ Poetry，208

PART FIVE ROMANTICISM IN ENGLAND210

CHAPTERS210

1.The Romantic Period210

2.Wordsworth212

3.Coleridge and Southey217

Coleridge，217

Southey，221

4.Byron222

Life，222

Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage，226

Don Juan，228

5.Shelley232

Life，232

Queen Mab，235

The Revolt o f Islam，237

Prometheus Unbound，238

The Masque of Anarchy and Other Political Lyrics，239

Lyrics on Nature and Love，240

A Defence of Poetry，243

6.Keats244

Life，244

Long Poems，246

Short Poems，250

7.Lamb253

Life，254

Lamb’s Literary Career，255

The Essays of Elia，256

8.Hazlitt and Leigh Hunt258

Hazlitt，258

Leigh Hunt，262

9.De Quincey263

10.Scott265

Life，265

His Historical Novels，266

Features of Scott’s Historical Novels，269

PART SIX ENGLISH CRITICAL REALISM271

CHAPTERS271

1.The Rise of Critical Realism in England271

Social Background，271

Chartist Movement and Chartist Literature，272

English Critical Realism，276

2.Dickens277

Dickens’ Novels，280

The First Period（1836—1841），280

The Second Period（1842—1850），287

The Third Period（1851—1870），295

Dickens：Man and Writer，300

3.Thackeray303

Life and Work，303

Vanity Fair：A Novel Without a Hero，305

4.Some Women Novelists308

Jane Austen，309

The Bronte Sisters，310

Mrs.Gaskell，314

George Eliot，316

PART SEVEN PROSE-WRITERS AND POETS OF THE MID AND LATE 19TH CENTURY321

CHAPTERS321

1.Carlyle321

Thomas Carlyle，321

SartorResartus，323

The French Revolution，324

Heroes and Hero-Worship，325

Past and Present，325

Carlyle as a Literary Critic，326

Engels on Carlyle，326

2.Ruskin and Some Other Prose-Writers327

Ruskin，327

Arnold，331

Macaulay，334

3.Tennyson336

Tennyson’s Life and Career，336

In Memoriam，337

The Idylls of the King，339

4.The Brownings341

Browning’s Early Life and Career，341

Elizabeth Barrett （Mrs.Browning），342

Browning’s Main Achievement in Poetry，344

Browning’s Short Lyrics，345

5.The Rossettis and Swinburne348

Dante Gabriel Rossetti，348

Christina Georgina Rossetti（1830—1894），351

Fitzgerald’s Rubaiyat，353

Algernon Charles Swinburne，355

6.William Morris356

Life，357

A Dream o f John Ball，359

News from Nowhere，360

7.Literary Trends at the End of the Century364

Naturalism，364

Neo-Romanticism，365

Aestheticism，367

PART EIGHT TWENTIETH CENTURY ENGLISH LITERATURE371

CHAPTERS371

1.The New Century：Social and Historical Background371

2.English Novel of Early 20th Century372

The Realists，373

Kipling，Bennett and Conrad，374

Henry James，376

Katharine Mansfield，377

3.Hardy378

Life and Work，378

Tess of the D’Urbervilles，379

Jude the Obscure，380

4.Galsworthy381

Life and Work，381

The Forsyte Saga382

5.The Irish Dramatic Movement384

The Abbey Theatre and Lady Gregory，384

J.M.Synge，385

O’Casey，385

6.Bernard Shaw386

Life，386

Dramatic Work，388

Mrs.Warren’s Profession，389

Major Barbara，391

Heartbreak House，393

7.Some Poets of Early 20th Century394

8.Modernism in Poetry396

Imagism，396

W.B.Yeats，396

T.S.Eliot，399

9.The Psychological Fiction402

D.H.Lawrence，403

The “Stream of Consciousness” School of Novel，405

James Joyce，406

Virginia Woolf，408

10.Robert Tressell：A Working-Class Novelist411

11.Marxist Literary Criticism415

Ralph Fox and The Novel and the People，415

Christopher Caudwell，418

Other Marxist Critics，420

PART NINE POETS AND NOVELISTS WHO WROTE BOTH BEFORE AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR421

CHAPTERS421

1.Social and Historical Background421

2.W.H.Auden423

3.Dylan Thomas430

4.Hugh MacDiarmid434

5.E.M.Forster442

6.Evelyn Waugh445

7.Graham Greene448

8.Aldous Huxley451

Point Counter Point，452

Brave New World，452

9.George Orwell454

10.William Golding456

11.Doris Lessing459