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1.Asset Forfeiture1

Types of Asset Forfeiture2

Asset Forfeiture in American History2

Recent History: Acts and Legislation3

Asset Forfeiture and Police Budgets5

Pro: Arguments Supporting Asset Forfeiture6

Funding Police and Saving Taxpayers7

Restoration to Victims8

Con: Arguments Against Asset Forfeiture8

The Taint Doctrine9

Constitutional Rights and Pivotal Cases9

2.DNA Evidence13

History of DNA Typing in Criminal Justice14

Specialized Processes to Enhance DNA Testing15

The Misunderstood Science of DNA Testing16

DNA Storage17

Developing Felon Databases of DNA18

Conducting a Mass Screening of Ordinary Citizens18

Admissibility of DNA Evidence: History and New Tests19

Current Legal and Ethical Issues20

Who Should Be in the Database?20

Database and Familial Searches20

Touch/Transfer/Low-Level DNA Samples21

Post-Conviction Testing: Access and Timeliness22

Pro: Support for Expanding DNA Databases24

Con: Opposition to Expanding DNA Databases25

DNA Dragnets26

Future of DNA Evidence and New Scientific Techniques27

3.Double Jeopardy31

History of the Double Jeopardy Rule32

The Attachment of Jeopardy33

Same Offense34

Exceptions to the Double Jeopardy Clause35

Separate Sovereignties35

Petite Policy36

Government Appeal37

Termination Without Acquittal or Conviction38

Application in Non-Criminal Proceedings38

Pro: Arguments in Favor of Double Jeopardy39

Con: Arguments Against Double Jeopardy40

4.Drug Laws45

Drugs: The Stalled Movement for Decriminalization46

History: Changing Frames for Drug Laws46

The 1960s and 1970s: Cultural Strife and Moral Dissonance47

From the Reagan Era Onward48

Pro: The Prophylactic Features of Criminalization49

Con: Criticism of the War on Drugs50

Hints of a Slowly Shifting Drug Policy52

Challenging the Punitive Approach to Drug Enforcement52

International Parallels54

Conclusion55

5.DUI Penalties61

Relevant Databases62

Effects or Influences of Drugs on Driving63

Control of Impaired Drivers63

Measuring Blood Alcohol Content64

Implied Consent Laws and Administrative Sanctions65

Zero Tolerance Laws66

Standard Criminal Penalties for DUI67

Nontraditional DUI Penalties67

Locking the Ignition68

Pro: Arguments for Strong Impaired-Driving Laws69

Con: Enforcement and Sanctions Are Inadequate70

Questionable Deterrence71

6.Exclusionary Rules75

Building the Exclusionary Rules76

Fourth Amendment Context76

Fifth Amendment Context78

Sixth Amendment Context78

Fruit of the Poisonous Tree79

Limiting the Exclusionary Rules80

The Current State of the Exclusionary Rule83

Pro: Arguments in Support of the Exclusionary Rule83

Con: Arguments Opposing the Exclusionary Rule85

7.Expert Witnesses and Hired Guns89

Quality of the Science91

Expert Witnesses in Criminal Cases92

Psychiatric/Psychological Evaluation92

Physical Evidence Evaluation93

Medical/Biological Evidence Evaluation94

Documentary and Computer Evidence Evaluation94

Acoustical Evidence Evaluation95

Traffic Accident Reconstruction95

Financial Evaluation96

Hired Guns96

Pro: Arguments in Favor of Using Expert Witnesses97

Con: Arguments Opposing the Use of Expert Witnesses98

Conclusion99

8.Eyewitness Testimony and Accuracy101

History of Eyewitness Identification Research102

The Research of Loftus and Wells102

DNA Testing and Factors in Eyewitness Error103

Pro: Variables Leading to Accurate Eyewitness Testimony104

Estimator Variables105

System Variables106

Con: Variables Leading to Mistaken Eyewitness Testimony107

Estimator Variables108

System Variables109

Lineup Presentation Method110

Administrator's Behavior111

Conclusion112

9.Gun Control Laws117

History of Gun Control and Gun Rights117

Foreign Examples of Gun Control119

Gun Control Laws and the Constitution120

Recent Landmark Cases122

Types of Gun Control Laws123

Keeping Guns out of the Hands of Criminals123

Waiting Periods124

Safe Storage and Distance124

Major Federal Gun Control Initiatives125

Gun Rights Legislation: Conceal and Carry125

Gun Laws: The Empirical Evidence127

Pro: Arguments in Favor of Gun Control127

Con: Arguments in Opposition to Gun Control128

Conclusion128

10.Insanity Defense133

Procedures Involved in the Defense134

History of the Defense135

The M'Naghten Test135

Irresistible Impulse136

The Durham Test136

American Law Institute Test137

Guilty but Mentally Ill137

Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984138

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Postpartum Psychosis139

The Supreme Court Gets Involved140

Pro: Arguments in Support of the Insanity Defense140

Con: Arguments Against the Insanity Defense142

A Case in Point143

11.Jury System145

Mechanics of the Jury System146

History of the Jury System147

The Supreme Court Shapes the American Jury System149

Fair Cross-Section Requirement151

Pro: Arguments in Support of the American Jury System153

Con: Criticisms of the American Jury System154

12.Mandatory Sentencing159

A Brief History of Mandatory Sentencing160

Describing Mandatory Sentencing Today161

Rationale for Mandatory Sentencing162

Effectiveness of Mandatory Sentencing163

Pro: Arguments for Mandatory Minimum Sentencing165

Protecting the Public165

Sentencing Equity166

Con: Arguments Against Mandatory Minimum Sentencing167

Discretion and Bias168

Rigid and Expensive169

Future Issues in Mandatory Sentencing170

13.Miranda Rights173

The Law Prior to Miranda174

Ernesto Miranda176

The Miranda Ruling177

Court Specifies the Language of the Warnings178

The Aftermath179

Congress, the Court, and the Problem of Miranda180

Subsequent Caselaw181

Berghuis v.Thompkins: A Critical Change183

Pro: Arguments in Support of the Miranda Ruling Con: Criticism of the Miranda Ruling184

14.Plea Bargaining186

The Development and Spread of Plea Bargaining188

Plea Bargaining in America and Internationally188

Pro: Arguments in Support of Plea Bargaining189

The Issue of Coercion190

In the Shadow of Trials191

Plea Bargains as Contracts192

Substantive Justice193

Con: Arguments in Opposition to Plea Bargaining194

Diverging From the Shadow of Trials194

The Contract View Fails the Public195

Hawks and Doves196

Result of an Overadversarial System197

15.Polygraphs201

History of the Polygraph201

Polygraph Groundbreakers: Larson and Reid202

Procedures of the Polygraph203

The Use of Polygraphs in the Criminal Justice System204

The Admissibility of Polygraphs in Criminal Cases205

Daubert and Sche f fer: A Split in the Federal Circuits205

The Exception: New Mexico207

Pro: Supporting the Validity of the Polygraph208

Rehabilitation and Recidivism208

Con: Questioning the Validity of the Polygraph209

The Error Rate209

Poor Research Standards210

No Uniform Training Standards or Procedures211

16.Restorative Justice215

Basic Premises of Restorative Justice216

Conflict as Property217

The Work of Braithwaite and Zehr217

History of Restorative Justice219

Victim-Offender Reconciliation Programs219

Victims' Rights Movements and Indigenous Justice220

Restorative Justice Interventions221

Victim-Offender Mediation222

Family Group Conferencing222

Sentencing Circles223

Community Restorative Boards223

Restorative Community Service223

Pro: Arguments in Support of Restorative Justice224

Offender Agreements and Recidivism225

Con: Arguments Against Restorative Justice226

Whose Justice?226

Due Process, Fair Sentencing, and Mainstreaming226

17.Sentencing Disparities231

Inconsistencies in the Research232

Methodological Flaws in Sentencing Research232

Variables Used in Sentencing Research233

Theoretical Premises of Sentencing Disparity234

Ethnicity and Disparity in Sentencing235

Disparities in Sentencing and Sentencing Guidelines236

RDS and the War on Drugs238

Crack Versus Powder238

Pro: Positive Outcomes of Racial Disparity Research240

Con: Negative Outcomes of Racial Disparity Research241

18.Sex Offender Registry243

The History of Sex Offender Legislation244

Contemporary Sex Offender Registry Legislation245

Wetterling Act and Megan's Law245

Inconsistent Procedures, Specific Types of Information246

Sex Offender Levels246

Updated Legislation247

The Tier System248

The Legality of Sex Offender Legislation250

Two Cases of Constitutional Challenge251

Pro: Arguments in Support of Sex Offender Registration252

Con: Arguments Against Sex Offender Registration253

19.Three-Strikes Laws257

The History and Development of Three-Strikes Laws258

The Klaas Murder259

The Legality of Three-Strikes Laws260

Pro: Arguments in Support of Three-Strikes Laws261

The Deterrent Effect262

Con: Arguments Against Three-Strikes Laws264

Burdensome Costs and Racial Disparities264

20.Victim Rights and Restitution269

Victim Rights Overview270

Restitution Overview271

Typical Victim Rights272

Receiving Information and Notification272

Reasonable Protection and Separate Waiting Areas272

Availability of Transportation273

Participation and Attendance in the Justice Process273

Restitution and Return of Property273

Victim Services and Applying for Victim Compensation274

Expectation of Compliance and Legal Remedies274

State Legislation for Victim Rights and Restitution275

Federal Legislation for Victim Rights and Restitution275

Proposed Victim Rights Amendment277

Pro: Arguments for Constitutional Victims' Rights278

Con: Arguments Against Constitutional Victims' Rights279

Conclusion281

Index283

About the General Editor317