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Ⅰ.HISTORY AND SOURCES OF THE LAW1

Ⅰ.INTRODUCTION1

1.The claims of Roman Law1

2.The constitutional and historical background3

The struggle between the Orders, and the Republican constitu- tion3

The later Republic7

The Principate10

The Dominate12

Ⅱ.SOURCES OF THE LAW14

1.Statutes14

Lex and plebiscitum14

Senatusconsulta16

Constitutiones principis17

2.Edicts of Magistrates19

The general function of the Praetor19

The particular function of the Praetor23

Character of the ius honorarium26

Actions and procedure of the late law27

3.Juristic Interpretation28

Interpretation prudentium28

Ius respondendi31

The Sabinian and Proculian Schools32

Forms of legal literature33

The ‘classical period’34

The Institutes of Gaius34

The post-classical period36

Ⅲ.THE WORK OF JUSTINIAN38

The Corpus Iuris Civilis39

Character of the Digest42

Ⅳ.THE SECOND LIFE OF ROMAN LAW45

Survival in the East45

Survival and revival in the West46

The Reception of Roman law48

The Humanist revival50

Natural law50

Codification and the modern Civil law51

The modern historical study of Roman law53

Ⅴ.IUS NA TURALE, IUS GENTIUM54

Ⅱ.LAW OF PERSONS60

Introductory.The arrangement of the Institutes60

Formalism61

1.Main features of the law64

Citizens and non-citizens64

The Roman family -patria potestas65

Proprietary incapacity of filiusfamilias68

Position of slaves, in law and in fact69

2.Creation and termination of slavery71

How slavery arises71

How slavery ends—manumission72

Consequences of manumission75

Public control of manumission76

3.Creation and termination of patria potestas76

How patria potestas arises76

How patria potestas ends79

4.Marriage80

Main characteristics80

Manus82

Iustae nuptiae and non-Roman marriage83

Concubinage83

Legitimation84

Divorce85

Matrimonial property87

5.Guardianship90

Tutela impuberum90

Cura minorum93

Other forms of guardianship95

6.Capitis deminutio96

Ⅲ.LAW OF PROPERTY98

Introductory.The Law of Things98

1.Fundamental Distinctions99

Property and obligations—actions and rights in rem and in per- sonam99

Contract and conveyance103

Classifications of res105

Ownership and possession107

2.Possession107

Protection of possession108

Importance of possession109

Who has possession?110

Possession as a fact114

3.Modes of acquisition of corporeal things115

4.Derivative modes—Conveyances116

Mancipatio, in iure cessio116

Traditio117

5.Original Civil Mode—Prescription120

Introductory—limitation and prescription120

Usucapio122

The bonitary owner and the bona fide possessor125

Longi temporis praescriptio and Justinian’s reforms128

Modern law and the inviolability of ownership129

6.Original natural modes130

Occupatio130

Increment by rivers132

Merger133

Specificatio136

Acquisition of fruits138

Treasure trove140

7.Servitudes140

Introductory—iura in re aliena140

Praedialservitudes141

Personal servitudes144

The Roman law of servitudes and modern law147

8.Other iura in re aliena148

Emphyteusis and superficies148

Real security149

9.Ownership153

Ⅳ.LAW OF OBLIGATIONS158

Introduction158

Ⅰ.CONTRACTS159

1.Historical Development159

The idea of debt159

Promissory and ‘real’ debt160

The consensual contracts161

Unilateral and bilateral contracts162

Stricti iuris and bonae fidei actions163

The classification of Gaius and Justinian164

Law of contracts, not law of contract165

Methods of contracting and types of contract166

2.The Informal Contracts167

（a） The real contracts167

The individual contracts167

Obligations re in Gaius168

Relative unimportance of the real contracts169

Standards of care169

（b） The consensual contracts171

（1） Sale （emptio venditio）171

Formation of the contract172

Effects of the contract178

Duties of the seller180

Duties of the buyer182

（2） Hire （locatio conductio）182

Scope and character182

Formation of the contract184

Effects of the contract185

（3） Partnership （societas）185

Formation of the contract185

Incidents of the contract186

（4） Mandate （mandatum）187

（c） Innominate contracts189

（d） Pacts191

3.The Formal Contracts193

（a） The contract verbis—the stipulatio193

Classical form193

Function193

Degeneration194

（b） The contract literis196

The classical contract196

The contract of Justinian’s Institutes197

4.Discharge of Obligations198

5.Privity of Contract199

The principle199

Novation and delegation199

Assignment200

Agency201

6.Suretyship204

7.Modern Civil law205

Ⅱ.DELICT AND QUASI-DELICT207

1.Introduction207

Crime and delict207

Penal character of delictal actions209

The classification of the Institutes210

2.Furtum and Rapina211

Archaic features212

What constitutes furtum212

The plaintiff214

Reipersecutory actions215

Rapina215

3.Iniuria215

Classical scope of the delict215

Earlier development216

Penal character217

4.Damnum iniuria datum218

Lex Aquilia218

Essential elements of the delict218

5.Praetorian delicts222

6.Noxal liability223

Noxal surrender223

Damage by animals224

7.Quasi-delict224

8.Modern law226

Civil law226

Common law226

Ⅲ.QUASI-CONTRACT227

Negotiorum gestio227

The condictio229

Unjust enrichment231

Ⅴ.LAW OF SUCCESSION234

1.General Principles—Civil law235

Universal succession235

Heres, hereditas236

Types of heres237

Devices to mitigate the inconveniences of universal succession239

Semel heres, semper heres241

2.Praetorian law—Bonorum possessio243

General principles of bonorum possessio243

Remedies of the bonorum possessor245

3.Intestate Succession246

Preliminary notions246

Civil law247

Bonorum possessio ab intestato248

The system of the Novels250

4.Testamentary Succession251

The early will253

Bonorum possessio secundum tabulas； the ‘Praetorian will’254

Later forms of will255

Internal requirements of a will257

Substitutions258

Restrictions on the power of testation 26o258

5.Gifts out of the Inheritance264

Forms of legacy264

Restrictions on amount of legacies—lex Falcidia266

Donatio mortis causa266

Fideicommissa267

Assimilation of fideicommissum, legacy, and donatio mortis causa269

Codicils270

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY271

INDEX273