社会 气候交互变化中的东亚干旱与半干旱区生态系统研究2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

社会 气候交互变化中的东亚干旱与半干旱区生态系统研究PDF格式电子书版下载

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Part Ⅰ State and Changes in Dryland East Asia1

1 State and Change of Dryland East Asia(DEA)3

1.1 Geography,Demography and Economics in DEA3

1.2 Climate and Land-Use Changes10

1.3 Ecosystem Production and Evapotranspiration14

1.4 Scientific and Societal Challenges for Adaptations in DEA16

References20

2 Dryland East Asia in Hemispheric Context23

2.1 Study Regions23

2.2 Change Analysis of Vegetated Land Surface25

2.3 Retrospective Trend Analysis Reveals Areas of Significant Change26

2.4 Vegetation Change in Three Epochs27

2.5 Land Cover Variation and Change30

2.6 Precipitation Variation and Change34

2.7 Conclusion38

References39

3 NEESPI and MAIRS Programs in Dryland East Asia45

3.1 Introduction45

3.2 Contrast and Comparison47

3.2.1 The Programs47

3.2.2 Research Approaches48

3.2.3 Organization Structure49

3.2.4 Major Research Activities49

3.3 Major Findings and Achievements50

3.3.1 Understanding Climate Change50

3.3.2 Understanding Societal Consequences51

3.3.3 Understanding Ecosystem Impacts53

3.3.4 Institutional Responses to Environmental Change54

3.3.5 Understanding Challenges54

3.4 Conclusions56

References57

4 Land Use and Land Cover Change in Dryland East Asia61

4.1 Introduction62

4.2 Global Land Use Changes through Centuries65

4.3 Long-Term Changes in Cropland and Pastureland in DEA66

4.4 Recent Changes in Asian Drylands68

4.4.1 Rangeland Degradation and Desertification and Increased Cropland68

4.4.2 Grassland Recovery72

4.4.3 Reforestation/Afforestation72

4.5 Sahel Land Use Change74

References78

5 Urban Expansion and Environment Change in Dryland East Asia81

5.1 Introduction81

5.2 Study Area,Data,and Methodology83

5.2.1 Study Area83

5.2.2 Data and Methodology85

5.3 Findings86

5.3.1 Urban Expansion87

5.3.2 Environment Impact90

5.4 Case of ？rümqi92

5.4.1 Spatio-Temporal Change in ？rümqi92

5.4.2 Environment Challenges of ？rümqi94

5.5 Discussion96

5.5.1 Characteristics of Urbanization in Arid Regions96

5.5.2 Socio-Economic Factors Driving Urbanization97

5.6 Conclusions99

References100

6 Ecosystem Carbon Cycle under Changing Atmosphere,Climate and Land Use in Dryland East Asia105

6.1 Introduction105

6.2 Simulated Ecosystem Carbon Patterns in DEA106

6.3 Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Cycling to Atmospheric Change110

6.3.1 CO2 Enrichment110

6.3.2 Nitrogen Deposition and Its Impact on DEA Ecosystems111

6.4 Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Cycling to Climate Change112

6.4.1 Responses to Precipitation Changes112

6.4.2 Responses to Temperature Changes113

6.5 Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Cycling to Land Use and Land Cover Changes114

6.6 Interactions among Environmental Changes115

6.6.1 Limitation of Nitrogen Availability on CO2 Impacts115

6.6.2 Dependence of Nitrogen Effects on Water Status(Precipitation Regimes)116

6.6.3 Interaction between Temperature(Warming)and Water Availability(Precipitation)116

6.6.4 Relationship and Interactions between Land Use and Climate Changes on Ecosystem Carbon Cycling117

6.7 Carbon Sequestration Potential and Human Adaption to Climate Change118

References118

7 Dynamics of Vegetation Productivity in Dryland East Asia from 1982 to 2010125

7.1 Introduction125

7.2 Data and Methods127

7.2.1 AVHRR NDVI127

7.2.2 MODIS NDVI128

7.2.3 Land Cover Map129

7.2.4 MERRA Reanalysis Data129

7.2.5 Agricultural Statistics129

7.2.6 Statistical Analysis131

7.3 Results and Discussion131

7.3.1 Trends of Spatially-Averaged NDVI131

7.3.2 Spatial Patterns of NDVI Trends135

7.3.3 Climatic Drivers137

7.3.4 Other Drivers139

7.4 Conclusions142

References143

Summary Ⅰ:Contexts of Change149

Part Ⅱ Consequences151

8 Impacts of Global Change on Water Resources in Dryland East Asia153

8.1 Introduction154

8.2 Key Water Resource Challenges157

8.2.1 Distribution of Water Balances across DEA and Historical Changes157

8.2.2 Land Use/Land Cover Change160

8.2.3 Agricultural Irrigation and Industrialization163

8.2.4 Climate Change165

8.3 Water Resources under Environmental Changes:Case Studies167

8.3.1 Loess Plateau167

8.3.2 hnpacts of Future Climate Change on Runoff across DEA171

8.4 Conclusions174

References175

9 Examining Changes in Land Cover and Land Use,Regional Climate and Dust in Dryland East Asia and Their Linkages within the Earth System183

9.1 Introduction184

9.2 Assessment of Decadal Dust Emission Based on Historical LCLU,Regional Climate and the Regional Coupled Dust Modeling System WRF-Chem-DuMo185

9.3 Observation-based Dust Climatology and Its Relationship to LCLU and Regional Climate194

9.4 A Satellite Perspective on the Last Decade199

9.5 Impacts of Dust on Human-Environment-Climate Systems203

References206

10 Biophysical Regulations of Grassland Ecosystem Carbon and Water Fluxes in DEA213

10.1 Brief Introduction of Abiotic and Biotic Factors in Relation to Carbon and Water Fluxes in DEA213

10.2 Biophysical Regulations of Carbon Fluxes between Grazed and Ungrazed Grasslands220

10.2.1 Responses of Daytime Net Ecosystem Exchange to Biotic/Abiotic Factors220

10.2.2 Response of Nighttime NEE(Re)to T and SWC224

10.3 Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes between Grassland and Cultivated Cropland227

10.3.1 Responses of Daytime NEE to Biotic/Abiotic Factors227

10.3.2 Response of Nighttime NEE(Re)to T and SWC230

10.4 Biophysical Regulations of Water and Energy Fluxes232

10.4.1 Energy Partitioning and Its Response to Abiotic/Biotic Factors232

10.4.2 Ecosystem Water and Energy Fluxes between Grazed and Ungrazed Grasslands and between Grassland and Cultivated Cropland233

References240

11 Afforestation and Forests at the Dryland Edges:Lessons Learned and Future Outlooks245

11.1 Introduction245

11.2 Vegetation Zonation and Climate246

11.3 Climate Forcing Effect of Forests:Ambiguous Conditions at the Dryland Edges247

11.3.1 Low Elevation Xeric Limits:Vulnerable Forest-Grassland Transition250

11.3.2 Management of Forests—Plantations vs.Close to Nature Ecosystems251

11.4 Effects of Forest Management on Forest Hydrological Balances in Dry Regions:A Comparison of China and the United States252

11.4.1 China253

11.4.2 United States254

11.5 Past and Future of Forest Policy in Dryland Regions of China255

11.5.1 Causes and Consequences of Expanding Desertification255

11.5.2 Shelterbelt Development and Sand Control Programs in China255

11.5.3 Debates and Critics about the Achievements of the Past Programs256

11.5.4 Lessons Learned from Past258

11.6 Conclusions258

References259

12 Human Impact and Land Degradation in Mongolia265

12.1 Introduction266

12.2 Land Degradation Overview266

12.2.1 Mining Land Degradation267

12.2.2 Land Degradation by Road269

12.2.3 Pastureland Degradation and Desertification270

12.2.4 Soil Erosion of Arable Land272

12.2.5 Deforestation273

12.2.6 Soil Pollution274

12.3 Use of Fallout Radionuclide Methods for Soil Erosion Study274

12.4 Conclusions278

References279

13 The Effect of Large-Scale Conservation Programs on the Vegetative Development of China's Loess Plateau283

13.1 Introduction284

13.2 Conservation Programs285

13.3 Study Region286

13.3.1 Loess Plateau286

13.3.2 Subset for Fine Scale Analysis287

13.4 Data288

13.4.1 MODIS Data288

13.4.2 Landsat Data289

13.4.3 Grazing Statistics290

13.4.4 Anthromes290

13.5 Methods293

13.6 Results and Discussion293

13.6.1 Vegetation Index and Albedo Changes293

13.6.2 500m NDVI Changes296

13.6.3 Grazing Intensity Change298

13.7 Conclusions302

References303

Summary Ⅱ:Consequences307

Part Ⅲ Solutions/Adaptations309

14 Monitoring and Assessment of Dryland Ecosystems with Remote Sensing311

14.1 Problems of Land Degradation and Desertification in Drylands:Current Challenges and Perspectives312

14.2 Indicators of Land Degradation/Desertification and Their Detection by Remote Sensing318

14.2.1 History of Degradation/Desertification Indicator Development in Recent Decades318

14.2.2 Retrieving Biophysical Spectral Information with Remote Sensing for DLDD322

14.2.3 Bio-physiological Indexes for Assessment and Monitoring329

14.3 Review of Available Sensors and Data over DEA and Their Suitability for Detecting Desertification Indicators332

14.3.1 Short Outlook on Euture Satellite Sensors over DEA335

14.4 Remote Sensing Approach for Desertification Assessment in Central Asia:History,Current Research,and Perspectives—A Case Study337

14.5 Conclusions342

References343

15 The Effects of Spatial Resolution on Vegetation Area Estimates in the Lower Tarim River Basin,Northwestern China351

15.1 Introduction351

15.2 Study Area353

15.3 Methodology354

15.4 Results and Discussion356

15.5 Conclusions360

References361

16 New Ecology Education:Preparing Students for the Complex Human- Environmental Problems of Dryland East Asia363

16.1 Introduction364

16.2 Description of New Ecology Education365

16.2.1 Topic 1:What's Going On?(Conceptual Models)369

16.2.2 Topic 2:Life Is So Confusing!(Nonlinearity)370

16.2.3 Topic 3:Everything Is Connected to Everything Else(Systems Thinking)374

16.2.4 Topic 4:Climbing Up-and-Down the Complexity Ladder(Hierarchy Theory)376

16.2.5 Topic 5:What Does It Take to Change This System?(Resilience)378

16.2.6 Topic 6:Coping with Land Degradation in Drylands(Ecosystem Services)382

16.2.7 Topic 7:Unraveling the Complexity of Coupled H-E Systems and Desertification(The Drylands Development Paradigm)386

16.2.8 Topic 8:Where Art,Science,and Craft Meet(Ostrom's Framework)392

16.3 Conclusions394

References396

17 Grassland Degradation and Restoration in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China from the 1950s to 2000s:Population,Policies and Profits405

17.1 Introduction405

17.2 Population and Urbanization in IM407

17.2.1 Population Evolution408

17.2.2 Population and Over-Grazing409

17.2.3 Urbanization and Restoration410

17.3 Policy,Laws and Regulation for Grassland412

17.4 From Production to Profits414

17.4.1 Animal Husbandry414

17.4.2 Tourism Development416

17.4.3 Environmental Service418

17.5 Conclusions418

References420

18 Sustainable Governance of the Mongolian Grasslands:Comparing Ecological and Social-Institutional Changes in the Context of Climate Change in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China425

18.1 Introduction426

18.2 Explanatory Models of Grassland Dynamics427

18.3 Analyses and Results429

18.3.1 Collectivization of Pastures and Livestock431

18.3.2 Privatization and Market Incentives434

18.3.3 Recentralization of Grassland Management in IM,China436

18.3.4 Changing Roles of the State,Market and Community for Grassland Management437

18.3.5 Climate Variability and Change:History and Future438

18.4 Discussion439

18.5 Conclusions442

References443

19 Adaptive Management of Grazing Lands447

19.1 Introduction447

19.2 Distribution of Grazing Lands and Problems450

19.3 Case Study and Adaptive Management in IM451

19.3.1 Study Site451

19.3.2 The ACIAR-Model452

19.3.3 Typical Farm453

19.3.4 Economic Stocking Rate453

19.3.5 Improved Feeding of Livestock during Winter and Spring454

19.3.6 Changing Lambing Time456

19.3.7 Use of Warm Sheds during Cold Seasons458

19.4 Conclusions and Discussion460

References463

Summary Ⅲ:Solutions and Adaptations465

Index467