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CHAPTER 1THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM3

1.1 Composition of Concrete3

1.2 Functions of the Paste and Aggregate4

1.3 General Pportions of Ordinary Concretes5

1.4 Inuence of Quality of Paste upon Properties of Concrete7

1.5 Concrete Making7

CHAPTER2 CONCRETE-MAKING MATERIALS—PORTLAND CEMENT10

2.1 Cementing Materials10

2.2 Portland Cement10

2.3 Manufacture of Portland Cement11

2.4 Elementa Composition of Cement13

2.5 Compound Composition of Cement14

2.6 Inuence of Composition upon Characteristics of Portland Cement16

2.7 Inuence of Cement on Durability of Concrete17

2.8 High-early-strength Cement18

2.9 Fineness of Cement19

2.10 Setting and Hardening22

2.11 Soundness24

2.12 Strength25

2.13 Heat of Hydration26

2.14 Current Types of Portland Cement30

2.15 Acceptance Tests and Specification Requirements30

2.16 Slag Cements30

2.17 Poland Blast-furnace-slag Cement30

2.18 Mason Cements31

CHAPTER 3 AGGBEoATEs33

3.1 Preliminary Remarks33

3.2 General Characteristics34

8.3 Data Needed for Proportioning Mixtures35

3.4 Specic Gravity37

3.5 Unit Weight and Voids39

3.6 Moisture and Absorption45

3.7 Gradation47

3.8 Sieve Analyses48

3.9 Grading Charts53

8.10 Maximum Size of Aggregate54

3.11 Grading Requirements56

3.12 Quality Requirements58

3.13 Deleterious Substances58

3.14 Reactive Aggregates60

3.15 Handling and Storing Aggregates63

CHAPTER 4 WATER， ADMIXTURES， AND MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS65

4.1 Mixing Water65

4.2 Water for Washing Aggregates66

4.3 Water for Curing Concrete66

4.4 Types of Admixtures66

4.5 Workability Admixtures67

4.6 Air-entraining Agents68

4.7 Gas-forming Agents70

4.8 Accelerators and Antifreeze Agents70

4.9 Retarders72

4.10 Pozzolanic Materials72

4.11 Curing Aids73

4.12 Miscellaneous Materials74

4.13 Steel Reinforcement74

CHAPTER 5 PROPERTIES OF FRESH CONCRETE76

5.1 Workability and Consistency76

5.2 Measures of Consistency: The Slump， Flow， and Ball Tests77

5.3 Measure of Workability: The Remolding Test81

5.4 Bleeding， or Water Gain83

5.5 Preset Subsidence， or Setting Shrinkage83

5.6 Eect of Entrained Air on Properties of Fresh Concrete84

5.7 Measurement of Entrained Air in Fresh Concrete84

5.8 Unit Weight， Cement Content， and Yield of Fresh Concrete86

5.9 Determination of Composition of Fresh Concrete87

5.10 Temperature of Fresh Concrete88

5.11 Stiening and Set of Fresh Concrete88

5.12 Lateral Pressure of Fresh Concrete on Forma89

CHAPTER 6 PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE M1XES91

6.1 General91

6.2 Methods of Expressing Proportions92

6.3 Review of Aggregate-Paste Relationships94

6.4 Variables in Proportioning96

6.5 Trial Method of Proportioning97

6.6 Mix Adjustments101

6.7 ACI Method of Proportioning102

6.8 ACI Method for Small Jobs109

6.9 Arbitrary Proportions110

6.10 Proportioning by Maximum Density of Aggregate111

6.11 Proportioning by Surface Area of Aggregate112

6.12 Proportioning by Fineness Modulus of Aggregat112

6.13 Proportioning by Voids-Cement Ratio and Mortar Voids114

CHAPTER 7 MANUFACTURE OF CONCRETEBatching118

7.1 Batching118

7.2 Weight-batching Equipment118

7.3 Checking Weighing Equipment121

7.4 Volumetric Batching Equipment122

7.5 Batching Cement122

7.6 Irregularities in Batching122

7.7 Water-measuring Equipment123

7.8 Mixing124

7.9 Types of Mixers124

7.10 Time of Mixing125

7.11 Mixer Efficiency126

7.12 Hand Mixing; Retempering127

7.13 Ready-mixed Concrete128

7.14 Conveying129

7.15 Batch Containers132

7.16 Pump and Pipeline132

7.17 Pump Sizes135

7.18 Cleaning the Concrete Pump136

7.19 Pneumatic Method136

7.20 Chutes and Belts137

CHAPTER8 PLACING AND CURING CONCRETE139

8.1 Preparations for Placing139

8.2 Placing141

8.3 Compaction144

8.4 Hand Tamping144

8.5 Vibrators145

8.6 Vibrator Efficiency145

8.7 Concrete Mix for Vibratory Compaction146

8.8 Proper Use of Vibration147

8.9 The Curing Period148

8.10 Curing Methods148

8.11 Curing of Pavements and Other Structures149

8.12 Curing Temperatures151

8.13 Steam Curing152

8.14 Concrete Work during Cold Weather153

8.15 Calcium Chloride in Concrete during Cold Weather156

8.16 Concrete Work during Hot Weather157

8.17 Curing in the Laboratory159

8.18 Removal of Forms160

8.19 Patching162

8.20 Prevention of Damage163

CHAPTER 9 FORMS FOR CONCRETE165

9.1 Requirements of Forms165

9.2 Form Pressures165

9.3 Form Ties167

9.4 Construction of Forms169

9.5 Metal Forms169

9.6 Oiling of Forms169

9.7 Absorptive Form Linings170

9.8 Precast Concrete Forms170

9.9 Plaster Waste Molds171

CHAPTER 10 STRENGTH OF CONCRETE172

10.1 Properties of Hardened Concrete172

10.2 Resistance to Applied Forces172

10.3 Strength as a Measure of General Quality173

10.4 Nature of Strength173

10.5 Compressive Strength176

10.6 Tensile Strength177

10.7 Flexural Strength178

10.8 Shear Strength178

10.9 Bond with Reinforcement179

10.10 Eect of Component Materials180

10.11 Eect of Proportions182

10.12 Eect of Curing Conditions182

10.13 Eect of Loading Conditions186

10.14 Specimens vs Structures187

10.15 Eect of Size and Shape of Specimen189

10.16 Eect of Conditions of Casting191

10.17 Eect of Moisture Content of Specimen191

10.18 Eect of Temperature of Specimen191

10.19 Eect of Bearing Conditions192

10.20 Eect of Rate of Loading193

CHAPTER 11 PERMEABILITY AND DURABILITY197

11.1 Pore Structure of Concrete197

11.2 Signicance of Permeability197

11.3 Permeability Tests198

11.4 Factors Aecting Watertightness199

11.5 Eect of Water and Cement199

11.6 Eect of Aggregates M199

11.7 Eect of Curing199

11.8 Eect of Admixtures and Coatings201

11.9 Uniformity of Concrete202

11.10 Absorption203

11.11 Deterioration of Concrete203

11.12 Weathering203

11.13 Weathering Resistance as Aected by Aggregate， Cement， and Water204

11.14 Air-entrained Concrete207

11.15 Freeze-thaw Tests208

11.16 Reactive Aggregates210

11.17 Sulfate Waters212

11.18 Leaching213

11.19 Chemical Attack215

11.20 Wear222

11.21 Restoration of Disintegrated Concrete224

CHAPTER 12 VOLUME CHANGES AND CREEP228

12.1 Types of Volume Change in Concrete228

12.2 Signicance of Volume Changes and Creep229

12.3 The Gel Structure as Related to Volume Changes229

12.4 Shrinkage of Fresh Concrete230

12.5 Autogenous Volume Changes230

12.6 Factors Aecting Shrinkage and Expansion232

12.7 Eect of Composition and Fineness of Cement232

12.8 Eect of pe and Gradation of Aggregate235

12.9 Eect of Cement and Water Contents236

12.10 Eect of Admixtures238

12.11 Eect of Age at First Observation239

12.12 Eect of Moisture and Temperature Conditions239

12.13 Enoct of Duration of Tests240

12.14 Efflt of Size and Shape of Specimen241

12.15 Feffct of Absorptiveness of Forms242

12.16 Eect of Reinforcement243

12.17 Prepakt Concrete243

12.18 Thermal Volume Changes244

12.19 Factors Aecting Creep245

12.20 Eect of Stress and Age When First Loaded245

12.21 Eect of Water-Cement Ratio and Mix247

12.22 Eect of Composition and Fineness of Cement248

12.23 Eect of Character and Grading of Aggregate248

12.24 Eect of Moisture Conditions of Storage249

12.25 Eect of Size of Mass250

12.26 Creep in Axial Tension and Compression250

12.27 Creep Recovery251

12.28 Reinforced-concrete Columns under Sustained Loads251

CHAPTER 13 OTHER PROPERTIES254

13.1 Modulus of Elasticity254

13.2 Methods for Determining Moduli of Elasticity254

18.3 Eect of Method of Test on Modulus of Elasticity257

13.4 Eect of Characteristics of Concrete on Modulus of Elasticity259

13.5 Relationship of Modulus of Elasticity to Strength261

13.6 Eect of Type of Loading on the Modulus of Elasticity261

13.7 Sustained Modulus of Elasticity262

13.8 Signicance of Poisson，s Ratio262

13.9 Factors Aecting Poisson，s Ratio262

13.10 Thermal Conductivity263

13.11 Condensation as Related to Thermal Conductivity264

13.12 Thermal Properties and Their Relationships265

13.13 Temperature Rise in Mass Concrete67

13.14 Cracking of Concrete271

13.15 Extensibility and Cracking271

13.16 Thermal Stress and Cracking274

13.17 Fire Resistance276

13.18 Unit Weight278

CHAPTER 14 SPECIAL TYPES OF CONCRETE280

14.1 Architectural Concrete280

14.2 Types and Requirements281

14.3 Preparation of Base281

14.4 Concrete Mix282

14.5 Placing and Finishing282

14.6 Curing and Protection283

14.7 Surface Hardeners283

14.8 Use and Limitations284

14.9 Equipment285

14.10 Preparation of Base285

14.11 Sand286

14.12 Rebound286

14.13 Mortar Mix286

14.14 Mixing and Placing287

14.15 Curing288

14.16 Characteristics of Mass Concrete288

14.17 Special Treatment of Mass Concrete288

14.18 Eect of Temperature and Other Variables on Properties of MassConcrete289

14.19 Concrete Placed under Water290

14.20 Vacuum Concrete292

14.21 Heavyweight Concrete292

14.22 Lightweight Concrete293

14.23 Grouting without Pressure295

14.24 Pressure Grouting296

14.25 Grouted Concrete297

CHAPTER 15 INSPECTION299

15.1 Need for and Scope of Inspection299

15.2 Inspection Organization300

15.3 Qualications of the Inspector301

15.4 Responsibility302

15.5 Inspector Training302

15.6 Relations with Superior Oicers303

15.7 Relations with the Contractor303

15.8 Authority of the Inspector305

15.9 Specication Is Inspector，s Guide306

15.10 Inspection before Concreting306

15.11 Inspection of Concreting307

15.12 Inspection after Concreting307

15.13 Concrete Samples for Tests307

15.14 Molding Specimens308

15.15 Storing and Shipping Specimens308

15.16 The Field Laboratory309

CHAPTER 16 INSPECTION RECORDS AND REPORTS312

16.1 General Comments312

16.2 Batching and Mixing Record313

16.3 Record of Materials313

16.4 Record of Placing and Curing314

16.5 Daily Reports314

16.6 Diary315

16.7 Photographs315

16.8 Summary Report316

CHAPTER 17 ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF DATA318

17.1 The Problem of Transmission of Information318

17.2 Variations in Data319

17.3 Grouping of Data319

17.4 Central Tendency321

17.5 Dispersion321

17.6 Probable Error323

17.7 Limits of Uncertainty of an Observed Average325

17.8 Number of Tests to Obtain a Desired Accuracy327

17.9 Signicant Figures to Retain in Presenting Test Results327

17.10 Statistical Summaries328

17.11 Tables328

17.12 Figures329

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS335

Test 1 Normal Consistency and Time of Set of Portland Cement338

2.Strength of Type I Portland Cement and Type III High-early-strengthCement Mortars at Various Ages341

3.Effect of Curing Conditions upon Compressive Strength of Portland-cement Mortars345

4.Sieve Analysis of Concrete Aggregates347

5.Specic Gravity， Unit Weight， Moisture Content and Absorption ofConcrete Aggregates350

6.Characteristics of Fresh Concrete356

7.Effect of Water-Cement Ratio upon Compressive Strength and Con-sistency of Concrete of Uniform Mix359

8.Effect of Water-Cement Ratio upon Compressive Strength CementFactor， and Cost of Concrete of Uniform Consistency363

9.Trial-mix Proportioning of Concrete366

10 Concrete-mix Proportioning by ACI Calculation Method368

11 Adjustment of Concrete Mix to Give Desired Cement Factor or Water-Cement Ratio at Constant Consistency369

12 Adjustment of Concrete Mix to Produce a Given Change in Con-sistency371

13 Effect of Capping Materials and End Conditions before Capping uponCompressive Strength of Concrete Cylinders373

14 Eect of Shape of Test Specimen upon Indicated Compressive Strengthof Concrete375

15 Demonstration of Entrained Air in Concrete377

APPENDIXES379

A Summary of Useful Values379

B Instructions on Operation of Testing Machines380

C Procedure for Making the Slump Test382

D Procedure for Making the Flow Test383

E Procedure for Making the Remolding Test384

F Procedure for Batching and Mixing Concrete and Molding Compression-test Cylinders386

G Procedure for Capping Compression Cylinders with Gypsum Compounds388

H Procedure for Capping Compression Cylinders with Sulfur Compound389

1 Selected References and Specications Pertaining to Plain Concrete391

INDEX425