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PART ONE. Foreign Policy: The Nature of the Challenge1

CHAPTER 1. The Study of Foreign Policy3

Americans and the World: Linkages and Adaptation4

"Leaving It to the Experts" and Related Hazards8

The Analytical Framework18

CHAPTER 2. The Structure and Process of Foreign Policy in the Computer Age: Imaginary Ideals and Real Requirements24

The Imaginary Ideal Machine for Making Policy25

The IIMMP as an Illusory Standard30

PART TWO. Foreign Policy and the Imperative of Purposeful Adaptation: Landmarks in the American Experience49

CHAPTER 3. Guiding Assumptions, Images, and Goals: The Early American Foreign Policy Experience51

Orientation to the World Environment: Generalized Assumptions, Images, and Goals53

1783-1820s: Origins of a Foreign Policy Tradition58

The 1890s and the Turn of the Century67

National Leadership in Transition77

CHAPTER 4. Adapting to Post-World War II Challenges82

From Isolationism to Internationalism83

Challenges of the Postwar World87

Summary and Conclusions109

PART THREE. The Foreign Policy Process in a New Era117

CHAPTER 5. The Modern Quest for Unifying Goals: The Politics of Consensus Building119

The Sense of Mission: "An American Century"121

The End of Pax Americana: Restoring Lost Confidence126

The Idiom of Policy Debate131

Foreign Policy Subcultures145

Political Elites and the Foreign Policy Consensus152

CHAPTER 6. The Presidency and the Bureaucracy163

The Nature of Presidential Leadership165

The Bureaucratic Challenge167

Organizational Growth and Complexity170

Policy Milieu and Organizational Subculture174

Recruitment and Promotion of Foreign Policy Personnel192

Presidential Leadership and Foreign Policy Organization203

CHAPTER 7. The Structure and Process of Foreign Policy Decision Making210

Policy Planning213

Intelligence223

Communication, Control, and Decision Making231

Policy Evaluation and Learning238

CHAPTER 8. The President and Congress in the Formulation of Foreign Policy250

The President and Congress: Phases in an Evolving Relationship251

War Powers263

Treaty Making Powers269

Power of the Purse279

Other Congressional Powers288

Conclusions289

PART FOUR. Conclusions297

CHAPTER 9. Meeting the Challenges of the 1980s and 1990s: Purpose and Adaptation299

The Complex Pattern of Change in the Modern World302

Foreign Policy for a New Era316